Carbohydrates - The Energy Nutrient

carbohydrates are made up of

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

carbohydrates represent the ___’s energy, trapped in a ring of_____atoms that have been_______ with water.

sun , carbon, hydrated

(T/F) About half our energy nutrient comes from carbs.

True.

What are the three levels of carbohydrate structure?

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

The basic unit of all carbohydrates is a _______ that contains potential energy which comes from the sun.

monosaccharide

(T/F) Any foods with monosaccharides contains simple sugars.

True.

three examples of monosaccharides

fructose, glucose, galactose

Sucrose is ____ and _____ connected via a bond.

glucose, fructose

sucrose is a

disaccharide

maltose

breakdown unit from starch - two glucose units bonded together

lactose is a _______ made up of _____ and ______.

disaccharide, glucose, galactose

starch

hundreds of glucose in long chains

fiber

hundreds of glucose units or other monosaccharides linked in long chains. the linkage between sugar units is not digestible by human enzymes.

Which of the following statements about fiber are true? Check all that apply.

a. Fiber contains energy that is physiologically available to humans.

b. Humans have the enzymes to digest the polysaccharide starch, but not fiber.

c. Fiber supplies 4 calories per gram that is available to humans.

d. The basic unit of fiber is an amino acid.

e. Fiber contains potential energy.

b, e

glycogen

storage form of carbohydrate found in animals (including humans)

What is glycogen? Check all that apply

a. Glycogen is a monosaccharide

b. Glycogen can be found in many food sources.

c. Glycogen is stored in the muscle and liver of humans and other animals.

d. Glycogen is a type of polysaccharide.

e. Glycogen is an animal/human “starch” made from glucose units.

C, D, E

What type of carbohydrate is plain white pasta?

? saccharide

poly

What type of carbohydrate does this pile of fruit represent?

poly, mono

What type of carbohydrate does this pile of bread represent?

poly

What type of carbohydrate is found in dairy, like this yogurt?

dissacharide

What type of carbohydrate do energy drinks represent?

mono, di

What type of carbohydrate do diet drinks represent?

none

salivary amylase

substance produced from the saliva glands that begins the digestion of starch into simple sugars, such as maltose and dextrin

What puts a stop to the salivary amylase?

stomach acid, it disrupts the saliva enzyme

Which organ secretes the majority of digestive enzymes to break down the energy macronutrients?

pancreas

What is the end product of carbohydrate digestion?

individual monosaccharides

lactose intolerance

not enough or complete lack of lactase to break down the disaccharide lactose

water-insoluble fibers and sources

cellulose, hemi-cellulose

structural components on the plant cell wall

sources: whole grains, vegetables, beans

Why is water-insoluble fiber important?

It draws water in and ends up bulking up the stool which pushes against the walls of the intestinal tract, speeding the passage of waste. This means potential carcinogens that could disrupt cells and lead to cancer pass through the intestinal tract much faster due to the fiber. It makes it easier to poop.

Water-insoluble fiber holds _______, bulks up the intestines, and ________ passage of waste.

water, speeds up

What are food sources high in water-insoluble fiber?

whole grains, beans, vegetables

Name three benefits of consuming water-soluble fiber.

• Helps relieve constipation

• Lower risk of colon cancer

• Lower incidence of large intestinal problems such as hemorrhoids and diverticulus

water soluble fibers refers to

gums and pectins

water soluble fibers are often used as

thickening agents

water soluble fibers sources

fruits, oats, beans

What effect does water soluble fiber have in the body?

Gel-like effect that slows gastric emptying, creating greater feelings of fullness. It slows the release of glucose into your circulation, helping with better blood-glucose regulation. Lowers risk of type II diabetes.

Water soluble fiber mixes with the chewed food in the stomach and forms a ___. This can bind a fatty substance called _________, lowering the amount that enters your circulation.

gel; cholesterol

What hormone allows glucose to enter the cell?

insulin

Type I diabetes is from

lack of insulin (no way to get glucose into the cells so it accumulates in the blood stream)

Type II diabetes is from

cell receptors no longer responding to insulin (insulin resistance)

the pancreas overcompensates and sends out even more glucose because none of it is getting into the blood cells

too much glucose in the blood stream can result in

• cardiovascular disease

• poor circulation (maybe even amputation)

• loss of eyesight

• easily get infections like UTI (poor circulation and sugar rich blood)

• wounds wont heal

improved insulin action

receptor “hearing” improves with…

30-60 mins of daily exercise

What are the end products of carbohydrate aerobic energy metabolism?

Energy (4 calories/g)

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Water (H2O)

What kind of scenarios can lead to carbohydrate depletion (glycogen running out!)

Fasting >1 Day
No carb / Low carb diet
No insulin (diabetes)

What happens to energy metabolism after a prolonged fast? Check all that apply

a. Nitrogen levels in the urine decrease

b. When glycogen stores run out, we can make our own glucose from amino acids by breaking down body protein. The resulting nitrogen is excreted through the urine.

c. Your body first uses your glycogen stores for energy.

d. Nitrogen levels in the urine increase.

b, c, d

What are some of the drawbacks of a low-carb diet? Check all that apply.

• Constipation

• Muscle loss

• Bad breath

• Initial rapid water loss instead of sustainable weight loss

intrisic sugar

sugar found naturally in foods

We store carbohydrates as ______ in the _____ and _____.

glycogen, muscle, liver

gluten

protein complex found in wheat, rye, and barley