atc anat/phys

Anatomy

the study of the structure and relationship between body parts

Physiology

the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole

Histology

the study of tissues at a microscopic level

Cytology

the study of cells at a microscopic level

Neurophysiology

the study of how the nervous system function

Organelles

specialized bodies within the cell that perform specific cellular functions

Homeostasis

the maintenance of stable, internal conditions within specific limits

Negative Feedback

a sensing mechanism that detects a change in conditions beyond specific limits

Effector

control center or integrator that evaluates the change and activates a second mechanism to correct the condition

Positive Feedback

an action that intensifies a condition so that it is driven farther beyond normal limits

Sagittal Planes

divide a body or organ vertically

Frontal Plane

divides body or organ into front and back

Horizontal Plane

divides body or organ into top and bottom

Posterior/Dorsal Cavity

includes cranial and vertebral cavity

Anterior/Ventral Cavity

includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

Ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

Contralateral

on opposite sides of the body

DNA

where molecules store the genetic information of a cell

Catalyst

any substance that accelerates a reaction but does not undergo a chemical change itself

Metabolism

the breakdown of substances, the formation of new products, or the transferring of energy from one substance to another

Tissues

groups of similar cells working together to perform a common function

Epithelial Tissue

closely packed, flattened cells that are mainly avascular and the upper surface is exposed to the outside of the body

Squamous Cells

flat epithelium cells

Cuboidal Cells

cube or hexagon shaped epithelium cells

Columnar Cells

tall, thick epithelium cells that protect underlying tissue

Transitional Cells

range from flat to tall epithelium cells that extend or compress in response to body movements

Endocrine Glands

secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Exocrine Glands

secrete their substances into tubes or ducts which carry the secretions to the epithelial surface

Functions of Skin

protection, sensation, thermoregulation, synthesis of vitamin D, and excretion of salts and small amounts of wastew

Keratinocytes

produces keratin in the skin to harden and waterproof the skin

Melanocytes

produce melanin to protect cells from ultraviolet radiation

Langerhans Cells

phagocytic macrophages that interact with white blood cells during an immune response

Merkel Cells

deep in the epidermis; serve a sensory function

Stratum Lucidum

"thick skin"; found only in palm and sole

Dermis

second layer of skin; consists of various connective tissues

Hypodermis

between dermis and underlying organs; consists mostly of adipose

Hair Shaft

portion of the hair that is visible

Hair Root

portion of hair that penetrates the skin

Hair Follicle

the sheath that surrounds the hair in the skin

Bulb

base of the hair follicle

matrix

bottom of the hair follicle where cells divide and produce new hair cells

Arrector Pili

a smooth muscle that is attached to the hair and causes the hair to "stand up" when cold or frightened

Lunula

semilunar lighter region of the nail

Sudoriferous

sweat

Hematopoiesis

the production of blood cells in the red marrow found within the cavities of certain bones

Sesamoid Bones

round bones such as the knee

Sutural or Wormian Bones

occur between the joints of the cranial bone

Compact Bone

hard material that makes up the shaft of long bones and the outside surfaces of other bones

Diaphysis

shaft; the long tubular portion of long bones

Epiphysis

the expanded end of a long bone; where red blood cells are formed

Periosteum

the membrane covering the outside of the diaphysis

Metaphysis

the area where the diaphysis meets the epiphysis

Medullary Cavity

marrow cavity is the open area within the diaphysis

Articular Cartilage

covers the epiphysis where the joints occur

Endosteum

the membrane that lines the marrow cavity

Crest

narrow ridge

Epicondyle

process on or above a condyle

Spine

sharp or pointed process

Trochanter

large, irregularly shaped process found only on the femur

Tubercle

small, knoblike process

Tuberosity

large, knoblike process

Fissure

narrow opening

Fontanel

membrane-covered spaces between skulls bones (only in babies)

Foramen

round opening

Fossa

shallow depression

Fovea

pitlike depression

Meatus

tubelike passage

Sinus

interior cavity

Sulcus

long, narrow depression

How many cranial bones are there?

8

How many facial bones are there?

14

How many vertebrae are there?

26; 7 cervical, 12 thoracic and 5 lumbar, sacrum and coccyx

Synovial Joints

surrounded by synovial fluid and make up most joints in the body

Sarcolemma

plasma membrane of the muscle cell

Aponeurosis

a flat broad extension of the three muscle linings and serves the same function as a tendon

Fascia

layer or sheet of connective tissue

Motor Neuron

muscle stimulated by a neuron

Axon

long, slender process of the cell that sends nerve impulses

Efferent Neurons

transmit nerve impulses from the CNS toward cells that produce a response

Schwann Cells

wrap around the axon to produce an insulating myelin sheath

Synapse

the gap that separates adjacent neurons or a neuron and a muscle

Anatomy

the study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships among other body parts

physiology

the study of how living organisms perform their functions

medical terminology

involves using word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to build terms related to the body in health and disease

International Anatomical Terminology

worldwide official standard of anatomical vocabulary

the principle of complementarity of structure and

function

All specific functions are performed by specific structures,

and the form of a structure relates to its function

Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy

involves examining relatively large structures

Surface anatomy

he study of general form and superficial (toward the body surface) markings

Regional anatomy

focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head, neck, or

trunk.

Systemic anatomy

groups of organs that function together

in a coordinated manner.

Examples include the skeletal

system, composed primarily of bones; the muscular system,

made up of skeletal muscles; and the cardiovascular system,

consisting of the heart, blood, and vessels.

Microscopic anatomy

structures that we cannot see without magnification

Cytology

study of the internal structure of individual cells

Histology

the examination of tissues

cells

a group of organelles working together

tissues

groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions

organs

group of different tissues working together

atoms

smallest chemical units

molecules

group of atoms working together

organelles

group of molecules working together

organ system

group of organs working together