Evolution of nursing (NCMA110)

What is a SHAMAN during the Intuitive Period?

A person who uses white magic to counteract black magic

Acting as a doctor during the Intuitive Period.

What is TREPHINING?

A procedure used during the Intuitive Period, involving drilling the skull, believed to treat psychotic patients possessed by evil spirits.

Where did the cultures of Babylonia, Egypt, and Hebrew arise, known as the "New World"?

The Near East, specifically between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Nile River region.

What is the Intuitive Period in nursing history?

The period of nursing history covering the Prehistoric to Early Christian Era, characterized by nursing based on compassion and intuition rather than formal training. Sickness was often attributed to "voodoo."

What was the CODE OF HAMMURABI, from the Babylonians?

The first recorded medical practice, established medical fees, discouraged experimentation, and assigned specific doctors for each disease.

What is the ART OF EMBALMING?

A unique practice of the Egyptians, involving mummification where internal organs were removed and herbs/salt were instilled into the body.

What was "THE 250 DISEASES"?

An Egyptian documentation listing about 250 diseases and their treatments.

Who taught the Hebrews the values of "Hospitality to strangers" and the "Act of Charity"?

Moses, who created Leviticus and is considered the Father of Sanitation.

What is LEVITICUS?

The third book of the Old Testament for the Hebrews, containing laws controlling the spread of communicable diseases.

What was the MOSAIC LAW?

Laws for the Hebrews meant to keep them pure for God and ensure their health/hygiene.

What is "MATERIA MEDICA"?

The book from China that indicated pharmacologic drugs used for treatment.

Who was a significant figure in Indian medicine, known for the first recording on nursing practice?

Sushuruto, who provided the first recordings on nursing practice.

Who is the legendary figure associated with healing in Greek mythology?

Aesculapus, the Father of medicine in Greek mythology.

Who was a pivotal figure in Greek medicine, rejecting supernatural causes for disease?

Hippocrates, the Father of modern medicine, who was the first to reject the idea that diseases were caused by evil spirits, applied assessment, and practiced medical ethics.

What is the CADUCEUS?

The insignia of medicine, composed of a staff intertwined with two serpents (symbolizing Aesculapus' healing power) and two wings of Hermes (for speed).

Who was a key figure in Roman nursing, known for establishing the first Christian hospital?

Fabiola, who converted to Christianity, transformed her home into a hospital, and used her wealth to care for the sick, establishing the first hospital in the Christian world.

What is the Apprentice Period in nursing history?

The period from the 11th century to 1836, characterized by on-the-job training in nursing, often associated with religious orders and the Crusades.

What were the Crusades during the Apprentice Period?

Religious, political, and economic power struggles that led to military campaigns, during which Christians attempted to recapture the Holy Land from Turks.

Who were the KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM?

An Italian military religious order, also called "Knights of the Hospitalers," established to give care.

Who were the TEUTONIC KNIGHTS?

A German military religious order that cared for the injured and established hospitals in military camps during subsequent wars in the Holy Land.

Who were the KNIGHTS OF ST. LAZARUS?

A military religious order that cared for those suffering from Leprosy, syphilis, and chronic skin diseases.

Who were the ALEXIAN BROTHERS?

A monastic order founded in 1348, known for establishing the Alexian Brothers School of Nursing.

Who was ST. VINCENT DE PAUL?

He organized "La Charite" and the "Community of Sisters of Charity," founding the "Sisters of Charity School of Nursing" in Paris, France.

Who was LOUISE de GRAS?

The first Superior and co-founder of the Community of Sisters of Charity.

Which nursing saint took vows of poverty, obedience, and chastity?

St. Claire of Assisi, who founded the 2nd order of St. Francis of Assisi, known as "the poor Claire."

Who is considered the patroness of Nursing?

St. Elizabeth of Hungary, who served as the patroness of Nursing, giving care to the sick and feeding thousands.

Who was known as the "1st Lady with a Lamp" during the Apprentice Period?

St. Catherine of Siena, known as the "Little Saint," who cared for the sick from an early age and was called the "1st Lady with a Lamp."

What is the Dark Period of Nursing?

The period from the 17th to the 19th century, also called the Period of Reformation until the American Civil War, during which hospitals were closed and nursing was done by undesirable people.

Who was THEODORE FLIEDNER?

A pastor who reconstituted the Deaconesses and established the School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth, Germany, where Florence Nightingale received her first formal training.

What is the Educative Period in nursing history?

The period beginning June 15, 1860, with the opening of the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing, marking the start of formal nursing education.

What were some key contributions of FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE during the Educative Period?

She became Superintendent of the Establishment for Gentle Women during Illness, upgraded nursing practice, and reduced war casualties significantly by improving sanitation.

What were FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE'S concepts for nursing schools?

Schools of Nursing should be self-supporting, have decent living quarters for students, pay nurse instructors, correlate theories to practice, support nursing research, and promote continuing education.

What two significant books did Florence Nightingale write?

"Notes on Nursing, What it is and what it is not" and "Notes on Hospital."

Name two other schools of Nursing mentioned in the Educative Period.

Bellevue Training School for Nurses in New York City and the Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing (for men).

Who was the first graduate nurse in the US?

Linda Richards, who graduated on September 1, 1873.

What two nursing associations upgraded nursing practice in the US during the Educative Period?

The American Nurses Association and the National League for Nursing Education.

What is the Contemporary Period in nursing history?

The period from World War II to the present, characterized by scientific and technological developments, social changes, and nursing being offered in colleges and universities.

What are some key developments and trends of the Contemporary Period?

The establishment of WHO, the use of atomic energy for diagnosis/treatment, space and aerospace nursing, medical equipment, health-related laws, and nurses' involvement in Primary Health Care.

What factors are affecting nursing today?

Economics, consumer's demand, family structure, information and telecommunications, and legislation.

Who was a school teacher that founded the American Red Cross?

Clara Barton, who volunteered as a nurse during the American Civil War and established the American Red Cross.

Who is known as the founder of Public Health Nursing?

Lillian Wald, who founded Public Health Nursing and, with Mary Brewster, offered trained nursing services to the poor in New York slums.

How is NURSING defined as an art?

The art of caring for sick and well individuals, referring to the dynamic skills and methods in assisting in recovery, promotion, and maintenance of health.

How is NURSING defined as a science?

The scientific knowledge and skills in assisting individuals to achieve optimal health, involving the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential problems.

What was Florence Nightingale's definition of nursing?

"Nursing is the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery."

What was Virginia Henderson's definition of nursing?

"Nursing is the act of assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible."

What is the origin of the word "NURSE"?

From the Latin word "to nourish" or "to cherish."

What is the definition and origin of the word "PATIENT"?

An individual who is in a state of physical, mental, and emotional imbalance and seeks nursing/medical assistance; derived from the Latin "to suffer" or "to bear."

List the main ROLES OF A NURSE.

Caregiver (primary goal), communicator, teacher, client advocate, counselor, leader, manager, case manager, research consumer, role model, administrator, and expanded career roles.

What is the TEACHER role of a nurse?

Helping clients learn about their health and the health care procedures they need to perform to restore or maintain health.

What is the CLIENT ADVOCATE role of a nurse?

Protecting the client by assisting them in exercising their rights and helping them speak up for themselves.

What is the COUNSELOR role of a nurse?

Helping a client recognize and cope with stressful psychological or social problems, improve interpersonal relationships, and promote personal growth, involving emotional, intellectual, and psychological support.

What is the CAREGIVER role and its types?

The primary goal of nursing, including full care (for completely dependent patients), partial care (for partially dependent patients), and supportive-educative care (to assist clients in attaining their highest possible level of health and wellness).

What is the COMMUNICATOR role of a nurse?

Nurses communicate with clients, support persons, other health professionals, and people in the community.

What is the LEADER role of a nurse?

Influencing others to work together to accomplish a specific goal, applied at various levels (individual, family, groups, colleagues, community).

What is the CASE MANAGER role of a nurse?

Working with the multidisciplinary healthcare team to measure the effectiveness of the case management plan, monitor outcomes, and oversee care for a specific caseload.

How is the MANAGER role of a nurse demonstrated?

Managing work assignments during change-of-shift reports in a unit.

What is the RESEARCH CONSUMER role of a nurse?

Using research to improve client care, being aware of research processes/language, and participating in identifying researchable problems.

What qualities define the ROLE MODEL role of a nurse?

Having a good physical appearance, practicing proper hygiene, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

What is the ADMINISTRATOR role of a nurse?

Assuming middle management positions and connecting patients to other hospital services.

What are some EXPANDED CAREER ROLES for nurses?

Nurse practitioner, clinical nurse specialist, nurse midwife, nurse educator, nurse researcher, and nurse anesthetist, allowing greater independence and autonomy.

What are the four main SCOPE OF NURSING PRACTICE areas?

Promoting Health and Wellness, Preventing Illness, Restoring Health, and Care of the Dying.

What is WELLNESS in the context of nursing practice?

A state of well-being, engaging in attitudes and behaviors that enhance the quality of life and maximize personal potential, applicable to both healthy and ill individuals.

What is the goal of PREVENTING ILLNESS in the scope of nursing?

Maintaining optimal health by preventing diseases, focusing on the ill client, from early detection to the recovery period.

What does CARE OF THE DYING involve in nursing practice?

Comforting and caring for people of all ages who are dying, helping them live as comfortably as possible, and supporting their loved ones.

What is a "DO NOT RESUSCITATE" ORDER (DNR)?

Physician's order for "no code" or "do not resuscitate" for terminally ill clients, meaning no effort should be made to resuscitate in case of cardiac or respiratory arrest.

What is ABORTION?

Termination of pregnancy before the fetus reaches the stage of viability.

What is EUTHANASIA?

Also known as "mercy killing," the act of painlessly putting to death persons suffering from incurable or distressing diseases.

What is HUMAN CLONING?

Human reproduction or replication.

What is a CRIME?

An act committed in violation of Public Law and punishable by a fine and/or imprisonment.

What is a FELONY?

A serious crime, such as murder.

What is a MISDEMEANOR?

A less serious crime, such as negligence.

What is MANSLAUGHTER?

A second-degree crime, often unintentional, like unintentional killing.

What is a TORT?

A civil wrong against a person, which can be intentional or unintentional.

What is NEGLIGENCE?

The doing of that thing which a reasonably prudent person would not have done, or the failure to do that thing which a reasonably prudent person would have done, in like or similar circumstances; an act of omission or commission.

Explain the negligence theory of "Respondeat Superior."

"Let the superior answer"; the principal answers for the acts of his agent.

Explain the negligence theory of "Res Ipsa Loquitur."

"The thing speaks for itself"; evidence of negligence is so clear it cannot be denied.

Explain the concept of "Force Majeure."

An irresistible or superior force; a fact or accident that human prudence can neither foresee nor prevent.

What is MALPRACTICE?

Any professional misconduct, unreasonable lack of skill, or infidelity in professional duties; for nurses, it's the failure to follow reasonable professional standards of care, resulting in patient injury.

What are the elements of Negligence/Malpractice?

Duty, Breach of Duty, Foreseeability, Causation, Harm/Injury, and Damage.

What is INVASION OF PRIVACY?

Violation of an individual's right to privacy, to withhold herself and her life from public scrutiny, or to keep information private.

What is FRAUD?

False presentation of facts with the intention that another person will act upon it; a willful misrepresentation.

What is DEFAMATION?

Derogatory remarks or false statements about a person that can injure their reputation.

What is SLANDER?

Oral defamation.

What is LIBEL?

Written defamation.

What is ASSAULT?

An attempt or threat to touch another person unjustifiably.

What is BATTERY?

Assault that is carried out; willful touching of a person without consent that may or may not cause harm, including performing procedures without consent.

What is INCOMPETENCE?

Lack of knowledge or skills.

What is FALSE IMPRISONMENT?

Prevention of movement without consent; unlawful restraint or detention of another person against their wishes.

What are the two main KINDS OF CONSENT?

Informed Consent and Implied Consent.

What is INFORMED CONSENT?

Agreement by the client to accept a treatment or procedure after complete information, including risks, has been provided by the physician.

What are the ELEMENTS OF INFORMED CONSENT?

Consent must be given voluntarily, by an individual with capacity, competence, and understanding, and the client must be given enough information to be the ultimate decision maker.

Witnessing the exchange between the client and physician, establishing that the client truly understood and was informed, and witnessing the client's signature.