TExES Social Studies 7-12 (232) World History Competency 003 (A, D, and E) (B and C covering Africa, Incas/Aztecs, Middle East, India, and the Protestant/Counter Reformation)

Constantinople

This was the bastion of Christianity which later fell in 1453 to Muslim conquest

Constantinople

It was plagued by earthquakes, Black Death, and lost many of its key economic resources leading to its demise.

Constantinople

It was famed for its defenses and was built on 7 hills, the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara

Constantinople

This was famed for its architectural masterpieces to include the Hippodrome, the Golden Gate and the Hagia Sophia

Ottoman Empire

Their success came from their command of gunpowder technology which was diffused from China

Ottoman Empire

They sacked and conquered Constantinople following a 7 week siege and was established Istanbul as the capital of this empire.

Ottoman Empire

This Islamic Empire spread quickly as they took control of much of the Middle East extending their control into the Balkans and Crimean Peninsula creating a multinational empire

Ottoman Empire

By the mid 1500s this became the largest and most powerful empire in Europe and the Middle East

Suleyman the Magnificent

He was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire responsible for expanding it into southern Europe, modernizing the army and known for religious tolerance.

Suleyman the Magnificent

He was known as the Lawgiver for improving the legal system in the Ottoman Empire where laws were based on sharia, or Islamic law

Millet System

In the Ottoman Empire these were legally protected religious communities of non-Muslims

Millets

They were permitted to maintain their own traditional religious beliefs, in exchange for not undermining the sultans authority, in Judaism, Greeks and Armenians

Janissaries

These were soldiers in the Ottoman Empire that were trained to protect and serve the sultan

Janissaries

Many of these were young Christian boys taken from the Balkans and forced into the Sultans service, to convert to Islam in return for great privileges and honor

Janissaries

Over time, this group sought to gain influence and control over the Ottoman government

Battle of Chaldiran

This was fought against the Ottoman Turks leading to the establishment of the Safavid Empire and Iran

Safavid Empire

This empire consolidated their control over modern-day Iran ruling until 1736

Shah Abbas the Great

He moved the capital of the Safavid Empire to Isfahan, modernized the army and flourished in long distance trade

Safavid Empire

This empire was responsible for establishing the Shiite sect of Islam as the official religion

Safavid Empire

Constant conflict with the Ottomans coupled with the threat of an increasingly stronger Russian Empire and the Mughal Empire to the South led to its decline.

Mughal Empire

This was an Islamic Empire established in India following the defeat of the Delhi Sultanate

Mughals

They were an Islamic minority ruling over a Hindu majority in this empire

Mughal Empire

They unified much of the subcontinent in India and under the leadership of Akbar established a strong empire in the region

Mughal Empire

During this empire they were responsible for the golden age of Islamic art and architecture as evidenced of the Taj Mahal

Mughal Empire

This empire began to decline as Emperors abandoned policies of religious tolerance and the arrival of Europeans posing a serious challenge to their rule

Mughal Empire

This empire granted concessions to allow the British to trade in India

Akbar the Great

He was ruler of the Mughal Empire who established the absolute authority of the emperor and a policy of tolerance toward the many religions in his empire

Akbar the Great

He eliminated the jizya tax imposed on Hindus and allowed them to rise to positions of power in the Mughal government

Taj Mahal

This is a tomb built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife who died giving birth

British East India Company

This established forts in Madras and Bombay to protect its commercial interests and controlled trade in India

Sepoy Rebellion

Following this event the British government took control of trade and replaced the Mughals as the ruling authority in India in 1857

Martin Luther

He was a German monk credited with starting the Protestant Reformation in Europe

95 Theses

This was written by Martin Luther which was a list of arguments directed against the Roman Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences (pardoning of sins)

Martin Luther

He was excommunicated from the Catholic Church but his ideas spread across northern Europe due to the printing press

Martin Luther

He was the founder of the Protestant denomination Lutheranism

Martin Luther

Forwarded the belief that faith in God alone would allow people into heaven and that no authority on Earth could pardon people for their sins with the Bible as the only source or religious truth

Protestant Reformation

Led by Luther who found support after writing his 95 Theses to reform the Catholic Church

Protestant Reformation

This was widespread across Germany where many churches adjusted their religious services to reflect this doctrine

Protestant Reformation

This extended beyond Germany into England and Switzerland

Anglican Church

In England the Protestant Reformation took hold leading Henry the VIII to establish this naming himself as the highest religious authority in the land, and to divorce

John Calvin

He established a Protestant community in Switzerland

Counter Reformation

The Roman Catholic Church established this in response to the Protestant Reformation

Council of Trent

Assembled members of church clergy met here seeking to reform the Catholic Church and to define church doctrine

Council of Trent

New religious orders were founded and dedicated to the doctrines of the Catholic Church during this

Jesuits

They emerged as a result of the Counter Reformation and played a significant role as missionaries to stop the spread of Protestant ideas

Roman Inquisition

They were given authority to arrest, imprison, and/or excommunicate Catholics in an attempt to end heresy

Black Death

This spread from China to Europe through fleas on rats which was spread through the silk road and Mongol campaigns

Black Death

As a result of this the population recovered through regeneration after 100 years when 1/3 of European population was wiped out and disrupted trade.

Da Vinci

He has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man having expertise in a significant number of different subject areas and was a great thinker of the Italian Renaissance

Da Vinci

Widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time with his innovations in painting influencing the course of Italian art

Da Vinci

His genius epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal with his works the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, Vitruvian Man,

Da Vinci

He was revered for his technological ingenuity conceptualizing the flying machine, armored vehicle, solar power, double hull, and an adding machine.

Italian Renaissance

This began in Florence, Italy that was financed by wealthy Italians

Italian Renaissance

This stressed human achievements, specifically humanism

Machiavelli

He wrote The Prince which was a guide to gain and keep power through any means necessary and was pat of the Italian Renaissance

Italian Renaissance

This was an attempt to imitate the artistic qualities of the Ancient Greeks and Romans

Songhay Empire

This was an Islamic empire established in Africa following the decline of the Mali Empire

Gao

This was the capital city of the Songhay Empire

Sunni Ali

He was from the Songhay Empire who successfully led a campaign of expansion to include the city of Timbuktu

Songhay Empire

They wound up controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes

Moroccan Army

They attacked and seized the Songhay Empire

Timbuktu

This was located near the Niger River and was one of the wealthiest cities in West Africa and one of the most important cultural centers

Timbuktu

The collapse of the Songhay Empire and the establishment of European trading posts along the coast of Africa led to its decline

Kingdom of Kongo

This was located in Central Africa along the Congo River and was established as a strong centralized state

Kingdom of Kongo

The arrival of the Portuguese in this kingdom became its first contact with Europeans with devastating results

Kingdom of Kongo

They were converted to Christianity by the Portuguese but were also raided for slave labor in the sugar mills of Brazil

Kingdom of Kongo

They were sacked by the Portuguese when they appealed for an end to slave trade.

African Slavery

This was practiced across Africa and was a well established commercial venture before the arrival of the Europeans

African Slaves

They were most often POWs, was viewed as a symbol of wealth and power, and were traded with Muslims across Europe, middle East, and India

Atlantic Slave Trade

This came as a demand for cheap labor to work on plantations and mines in the New World

Atlantic Slave Trade

This is often referred to as the Triangular Trade from linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas

Atlantic Slave Trade

This accounted for 11 million Africans that made the Middle Passage to arrive in the Americas

Food Crops

The introduction of these in Africa stabilized the African population and may have even led to its increase

African Diaspora

With the forced migration of millions of Africans to the New World this occurred as a result

Columbian Exchange

This was a global exchange between New and Old Worlds with slavery and disease being brought over from Europe having the greatest impact

Columbian Exchange

Smallpox, influenza, and measles caused far reaching epidemics in the New World

Columbian Exchange

This was a primary cause of disease for the Aztecs where 90% of the population were affected after the arrival of the Spanish

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of new fod products through this led a population increase across the globe

Cortes

Within two years of his arrival he had conquered the Aztecs

Pizarro

He conquered the Incan Empire in South America

Technology

This made it possible for Cortes and Pizarro to conquer the Aztecs and Incas

Disease

This contributed greatly to the decline of native peoples in the Americas

Aztecs Incas

After the conquest of these two tribes Spain established colonies in the New World

Manila

The founding of this city marked the birth of world trade due to the demand for silver