Hope's Study Guide BIO 266

Anaphase

241) During which phase of mitosis are sister chromatids separated when the mitotic spindle fibers shorten?

Striations

242) What do skeletal and cardiac muscle cells share in common?

Polar molecule

243) What is a dipole?

Endocytosis and exocytosis

244) Two types of active transport via vesicles are:

Stratified squamous epithelium

245) Which of the following epithelia can be keratinized?

• Simple columnar epithelium

• Stratified squamous epithelium

• Stratified columnar epithelium

• Transitional epithelium

Mucous membrane

246) What type of membrane lines cavities that open to the outside of the body?

by the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells

247) How are epithelial tissues classified?

Tight junction

248) Cells in the epidermis of the skin need to be held tightly together so that an impermeable barrier to fluids is created. What type of junction performs this function?

Golgi apparatus

249) Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for export from the cell?

An antiport pump

250) The NA⁺/K+ pump transports three sodium ions out of the cells for every two potassium cells moved into the cell. This is an example of:

Muscle cells

251) Striations are a structural feature associated with what some:

• Fibroblasts

• Neurons

• Muscle cells

• Adipocytes

Wrist

253) Kelly fell while ice skating and injured her scaphoid bone. What region of her body was injured?

Osteocytes

254) Relatively inactive bone cells that help to maintain the ECM are:

Intervertebral disc

255) Which of the following cartilaginous joints functions primarily in protection and shock absorption of the spinal column?

• Public symphysis

• Epiphyseal plate

• Intervertebral disc

• Costochondral joint

Foramen

256) Which of the following is NOT a type of depression in a bone?

• Fossa

• Foramen

• Fovea

• Facet

Flat bones

257) Thin, broad bones should be classified as:

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

258) From deep to superficial, what is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis?

Articular cartilage allows bones to rub together with reduced friction at joints

259) Why is articular cartilage an important part of long bone structure?

• Articular cartilage houses red bone marrow for hematopoiesis

• Articular cartilage is the site of lengthwise growth in young children and adolescents

• Articular cartilage allows bones to rub together with reduced friction at joints

• Articular cartilage lines all inner surfaces of the bone

Coxal joint

260) The hip is known as the:

UV radiation

261) Melanin is produced upon exposure to:

Diaphysis

262) Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the:

Compact bone

263) The hard, dense bone that forms the outer surface of bones is:

Apocrine glands

264) Human often purchase antiperspirants and deodorants to suppress and mask the odors of secretions of the:

Palms

265) Where is thick skin located?

Medial condyle and lateral condyle

266) What part of the femur articulates with the tibia to form the knee joint?

Calcitonin

267) Which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, works opposite to parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

3, 5, 2, 1, 4

268) Correctly order the following key steps in the process of endochondral ossification.

1. Chondrocytes dues

2. Osteoblasts build the bone collar on the external surface of the bone

3. Perichondrium is invaded by blood vessels

4. In the primary ossification center, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with early spongy bone

5. Perichondral cells differentiate into osteogenic cells then into osteoblasts

Talus, calcaneus, and navicular

269) Which tarsal bones of the foot are proximally situated?

Long bones

270) Bones with a diaphysis and epiphysis are classified as:

Lateral ankle bone

271) The lateral malleolus found on the distal end of the fibula is often known as the:

• Medial ankle bone

• Heel bone

• Kneecap

• Lateral ankle bone

Trabeculae

272) Which of the following are NOT components of an osteon?

• Caliculi

• Lacunae

• Trabeculae

• Lamellae

Calcium, Vitamin C, and Vitamin K

273) Bone growth and remodeling depends on adequate intake of:

Vitamin D

274) What vitamin deficiency causes rickets in children?

Epidermal ridges

275) We have unique patterns on our fingers, toes, palms, and soles created by:

Lack of initial pain associated with the third degree burn

276) What symptom distinguishes a second-degree from a third degree burn?

• Lack of initial pain associated with the third degree burn

• Presence of significant pain initially with the third degree burn

• Presence of blisters associated with the third degree burn

• Presence of erythema associated with the third degree burn

Pollex; hallux

277) The thumb is the _____ while the great toe is the _____.

Collagen fibers help bone resist twisting, pulling, or stretching forces

278) Why are collagen fibers a critical component of bone?

• Collagen fibers act as “glue” to bind components together

• Collagen fibers help the bone resist compression

• Collagen fibers help bone resist twisting, pulling, or stretching forces

• Collagen fibers help trap water in the ECM

Nail bed

279) The nail body covers the:

Anulus fibrosus

280) What outer ring of fibrocartilage protects the inner substance of an intervertebral disc and joins the vertebrae together?

Mandible

281) The only moveable bone of the adult skull is the:

Spongy bone

282) What type of bone is adapted to withstand stresses arriving from many directions?

2, 4, 3, 1

283) Place the following steps of bone repair in the correct sequence:

1. The bone callus is remodeled and primary bone is replaced with secondary bone

2. A hematoma fills the gap between bone fragments

3. Osteoblasts build a new bone callus

4. Fibroblasts and chondroblasts infiltrate the hematoma and a soft callus forms

Tendon sheaths protect long tendons as they course over and around synovial joints

284) Which statement best describes tendon sheaths?

• Tendon sheaths connect one bone to another to strengthen and reinforce articulating bones

• Tendon sheaths protect long tendons as they course over and around synovial joints

• Tendon sheaths help anchor the tendon to the muscle

• Tendon sheaths are lined with dense irregular connective tissue

Basale

285) All cells in the epidermis arise from mitotic activity in stratum:

Dense irregular connective tissue

286) What tissue composes the reticular layer of the dermis?

Synovial fluid

287) What component of a synovial joint lubricates the joint, supplies nutrients and removes metabolic wastes, and absorbs shock?

Tibial tuberosity

288) To what part of the tibia does the patellar ligament attach?

Bone deposition exceeds bone resorption

289) For a person who starts running for exercise,

• Bone deposition equals bone resorption

• Bone deposition is less than bone resorption

• Bone deposition exceeds bone resorption

• Bone deposition is not related to bone resorption

A person has oxygen-starved skin

290) What does cyanosis signify?

It is required for calcium resorption from the small intestine

291) Why is Vitamin D necessary?

Smaller

292) A male has a _____ pelvic outlet when compared to a female’s pelvic outlet (size).

Trabeculae

293) Branching “ribs” of bone present in spongy bone are known as:

Flexion

294) While eating, you move your forearm and hand from the plate of food toward your face. Classify the movement occurring at the elbow joint:

Ossification of the zone of proliferation

295) What prompts the closure of the epiphyseal plate around age 18-21?

Osteons

296) The structural units of mature compact bone are called:

Papillary layer

297) The most superficial layer of the dermis is the:

Skull bones

298) Intramembranous ossification occurs in:

Dens (odontoid process)

299) What structure is present on the second cervical vertebra (C2 or axis) that allows you to rotate your neck to say “no”?

Sex hormones

300) What stimulates the secretion of sebum?

Osteoclasts

301) Bone resorption requires the activity of:

They house blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the avascular epidermis

302) What role do the dermal papillae play in the dermis?

Hyaline cartilage

303) What tissue serves as the model for bones formed during endochondral ossification?

They form new collagen fibers to bridge the gap between bone fragments

304) What do fibroblasts contribute to bone repair?

• They secrete hyaline cartilage to form a soft callus

• They direct the transition from primary bone to secondary bone

• They form new collagen fibers to bridge the gap between bone fragments

• They form the hematoma that involves a mass of blood cells

Circumferential lamellae

305) The layers of bone tissue immediately deep to the periosteum are:

Laterally-pointing ischial tuberosities

306) A female’s pelvis typically has:

• A narrow greater pelvis

• A heart-shaped pelvic inlet

• A narrow pubic arch

• Laterally-pointing ischial tuberosities

Medial

307) In anatomical position, the ulna is _____ to the radius.

Heel

308) Maury fell from a ladder and broke his calcaneus. What body region sustained damage?

Pressure

309) Which of the following promotes bone resorption?

• Compression

• Tension

• Calcium-rich diet

• Pressure

Epiphyseal plate

310) Which of the following cartilaginous joints is found only in young, growing people?

• Pubic symphysis

• Costochondral joint

• Epiphyseal plate

• Intervertebral plate

Melanoma

311) The ABCDE rule is used to distinguish normal moles from:

Appositional bone growth increases

312) As a result of the increase of testosterone at puberty for males:

• Appositional bone growth increases

• Intramembranous ossification increases

• Epiphyseal plates widen rapidly

• Osteoblasts increase the rate of bone resorption

Increase bone deposition

313) Calcitonin functions to:

reduce friction and absorb shock

314) Articular cartilage found at the ends of long bones serves to:

Hypodermis

315) Subcutaneous injections involve administration of medicine into the:

Ilium

316) Which part of the coxal bone articulates with the sacrum?

The interosseous membrane situated between the radius and ulna in the forearm

317) Which of the following is an example of a syndesmosis?

• The pubic symphysis located between the two pubic bones of the pelvic girdle

• The coronal suture between the frontal and parietal bones

• The interosseous membrane situated between the radius and ulna in the forearm

• A tooth and its corresponding pocket or alveolus in the mandible or maxilla

Superior and inferior costal facets

318) What unique feature is only present on the thoracic vertebrae?

Ilium, ischium, pubis

319) What three bones fuse during childhood to form the coxal bone?

Between the vertebrae

320) Where would you expect to find fibrocartilage in the skeletal system?

• Between the ribs and sternum

• Between the vertebrae

• Forming the epiphyseal plate of long bones

• Between the bones of the upper limbs

By pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

321) In the epiphyseal plate of a long bone, cartilage grows:

• From the edges inward

• In a circular fashion

• By pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

• By pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis

Between the intercarpal joints of the wrist

322) Where would a gliding movement most likely occur?

• Between the intercarpal joints of the wrist

• Atlantoaxial joint in the neck

• Elbow joint

• Hip joint

Stratum granulosum

323) Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by prominent cytoplasmic granules in the cells?

Endochondral ossification

324) Secondary ossification centers are characteristic of:

• Appositional growth

• Endochondral ossification

• Intramembranous ossification

• Mesenchymal ossification

Canaliculi

325) What canals connect lacunae together?

Smell

326) Damage to the cribiform plate would most likely affect the sense of:

Lordosis (or hyperlordosis)

327) A heavily-pregnant woman who walks with a swayback exhibits an abnormal spinal curvature known as:

Sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphoses

328) Which of the following is/are classified as fibrous joints?

• Sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphoses

• Synovial joints

• Diarthroses

• Synchondrosis and symphysis

Glenoid cavity

329) What part of the scapula articulates with the humerus?

Hyaline cartilage; fibrocartilage

330) Synchondrosis unite bones with _____ while symphysis unite bones with _____.

• Hyaline cartilage; fibrocartilage

• dense regular collagenous tissue; elastic cartilage

• Elastic cartilage; fibrocartilage

• fibrocartilage; hyaline cartilage

The epiphyseal plates have ossified, and further growth in length is not possible

331) A radiograph reveals epiphyseal lines in the long bones of a 12-year-old’s hand. Which of the following statements is correct?

• Intramembranous ossification will enable continued growth in length

• More growth will occur during the teenage years as sex hormones rebuilding of epiphyseal plates

• Administration of growth hormones will stimulate further growth in length

• The epiphyseal plates have ossified, and further growth in length is not possible

Diarthrosis

332) Which of the following is a freely moveable joint?

• Amphiarthrosis

• Synarthrosis

• Fibrous

• Diarthrosis

Bone growth in width

333) Appositional growth produces:

• Bone growth in length

• Bone growth in width

• Intramembranous ossification

• Endochondral ossification

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

334) Thomas is deaf, but can feel the vibrations of music through sensory receptors in his skill called:

Synovial fluid

335) Since articular cartilage is avascular, what provides oxygen and nutrients to and removes metabolic wastes?

Fibroblast

336) Which of the following cells is associated with the dermis?

• Melanocyte

• Dendritic (Langerhans) cell

• Fibroblast

• Keratinocyte

Arrector pili muscle

337) What structure stands hairs on end, causing piloerection?

Stratum corneum

338) A callus may develop when both thin and thick skin are subjected to repeated pressure. Which layer of the epidermis develops the callous?

It decreases blood calcium ion concentration

339) Which of the following does NOT correctly depict the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

• It decreases blood calcium ion concentration

• It weakens the bones

• It stimulates osteoclast activity

• It stimulates the intestines to absorb calcium ions

Merkel cell

340) Jill is blind and often uses braille to read her school assignments. What cell in the stratum basale of the epidermis helps her discriminate between the textured dots?

Diffusion transports nutrients from blood vessels in the dermis into the epidermis

341) How do nutrients reach the epidermis of the skin?