APWH Vocab 4.1-4.2

copied from quizlet made by bn0335696 (thank you 🙏🙏)

Cartography

The science and practice of making maps; improved during the Age of Exploration as better maps helped navigators travel farther and more accurately.

Primogeniture laws

European laws stating that the oldest son inherited all of the family's land or wealth, motivating younger sons to seek fortune through exploration and colonization.

Omani-European Rivalry

Competition between Oman (a powerful Arab state) and European powers—especially the Portuguese—over control of Indian Ocean trade routes in the 16th-18th centuries.

Maritime empires

Empires that gained wealth and power primarily through sea-based trade and colonization, such as the Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French empires.

Astronomical chart

A map of stars and celestial bodies used by sailors to navigate at sea before modern instruments like the compass or GPS.

Carrack

A large, sturdy European sailing ship developed in the 15th century, used by Portuguese and Spanish explorers on long voyages (e.g., Columbus's Santa María).

Caravel

A small, fast, and highly maneuverable Portuguese ship with lateen (triangular) sails; ideal for exploring along African coasts and across the Atlantic.

Fluyt

A Dutch cargo ship designed to carry large amounts of goods efficiently and cheaply, helping the Dutch dominate Indian Ocean and Atlantic trade in the 17th century.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that a nation's strength depended on its wealth, especially gold and silver; encouraged colonies to provide raw materials and markets for the mother country.

Trading post empire

A form of imperial dominance based on controlling key ports and trade routes rather than large territories; used by the Portuguese in Africa and Asia.

Manila

A Spanish trading port in the Philippines established in 1571; became a key center for the silver trade between the Americas and Asia (especially China).

Galleons

Large, heavily armed Spanish ships used to transport silver from the Americas to Asia and Europe during the 16th-18th centuries.

Northwest passage

A hoped-for sea route through or around North America connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; European explorers searched for it to reach Asia more directly.

Quebec

The first permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain in 1608; became the center of French fur trading.

New France

The French colonial territory in North America (mainly Canada and parts of the Mississippi Valley); focused on trade, especially fur, and alliances with Indigenous peoples.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in Virginia in 1607; became successful through tobacco cultivation.

New Amsterdam

A Dutch colony founded in 1625 on Manhattan Island as a trading center; later taken over by the English and renamed New York.