Biology keystones Note

For bio, don't worry to much about it

What are large molocules called?

Biomolecules

How many MAJOR molecules are there?

There are 4

Large substance that are like building blocks for molecules

Monomer

Energy sources

Carbohydrates

What is a good source for carbohydrates?

Bread and pasta

IN CARBOHYDRATES what are the monomers called?

Monosacchrides

What is the scientific term for Fats?

Lipids

How many monomers do Lipids/Fats have?

2

IN LIPIDS what is 1 of monomers called?

Fatty Acids

IN LIPIDS what is the other of monomers called?

Glycerol

What is a good source of Lipids?

Butter, oil, cholesterol

What do lipids make up in the cell?

Cell membrane

What are proteins good for?

Building muscle, immune system, and acting as enzymes

What food contains protein?

Meat and beans

IN PROTEIN what are the monomers called?

Amino Acids

What does a Nucleic Acid have?

DNA and RNA

IN NEUCLEIC ACIDS what is the monomer called?

nucleotide

What can have a Nucleic Acid?

Any living being/thing

What shape is an Enzyme?

Any shape as long as it has a divot

What goes into the divot?

Substrate

What can the enzyme do to the Substrate?

Build or break it

What are Enzymes made of?

Protein

What can they do to certain reactions?

They can speed it up

What is bad for enzymes?

PH and Tempature

What would happen if the Enzyme was effected?

The divot wouldn’t match with the Substrate

What does Homeo mean in Homeostasis?

Constant

What does Stasis mean in Homeostasis?

Stable

What can often trigger homeostasis?

Weather

What does the cell membrane do?

It controls what goes in and out

What kind of movement does Osmosis have?

Movement of Water

What kind of transport is Osmosis?

Passive Transport

Why would there be a low concentration of water?

Solutes could be in the water

What is a Solute?

Anything that can be dissolved (salt, sugar)

What would happen if there was solutes in the water?

The water would go towards the solute

IN THIS CASE What does Hypertonic mean?

A high concentration of solute

IN THIS CASE What does Hypotonic mean?

A low concentration of solute (opposite of Hypertonic)

What makes a Prokaryotic cell Prokaryotic?

It’s Unicellular (Single Celled)

What is an example of Prokaryotic cell?

Bacteria and Archaea

What makes a Eukaryotic cell Eukaryotic?

It can be Unicellular or Multicellular (more then one)

What is an example of Eukaryotic cell?

Fungi, Plants, and Animals

What do Pro and Eu have in common?

They have DNA, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm, and Cell membrane

What is one that they kind of have in common

Pro have Cells walls, Eu only sometimes have it (Plants and Fungal cells have them. Animal cells don’t)

What do Eukaryotes strictly have?

Nucleus and Membrane bound organelles

What do Prokaryote not have?

No Nucleus and No Membrane bound organelles

What is Photosynthesis?

It’s a process that produces oxygen

What do plants and animals need to make energy?

Glucose

What kind of energy comes from Glucose and Cellular Respiration?

ATP

What do plants need to make oxygen and sugar?

Carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight

How do plants capture light?

Pigment

What is one of these pigments called?

Chlorophyll

Where is the Chlorophyll located?

Chloroplast

What 2 reactions make up Photosynthesis?

Light Dependent Reaction and Light Independent Reaction

Where does the Light Dependent reaction happen?

Thylakoids

What are Thylakoids and where are they located and look like?

They contain pigment, they are in the chloroplast, and they look stacked

What happens in the Light Dependent Reaction?

It gets converted to a Chemical Reaction

What does a Chemical Reaction create?

ATP and NADPH

What happens to the water?

It gets split

What time does the Light Independent Reaction happen?

At the same time when the Light Dependent Reaction is happening

Where does the Light Independent process happen?

In the Stroma

What is the Stroma, where is it located?

It’s a fluid in the Chloroplast, it’s outside of the Thylakoids

What happens to the Carbon Dioxide?

It changes to it’s more usable and organic form via Enzymes

What does that process make in the end?

Glucose

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine Triphosphate

What does the formula of Cellular Respiration look similar to?

Photosynthesis

What is one difference that Cellular Reparation CAN do but Photosynthesis CAN’T

Break glucose

What is unique about a flower glucose

It makes and breaks glucose

What are the 3 steps in Cellular Respiration?

Glycolysis, Kreb Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain

Where does the Glycolysis take place?

Cytoplasm

What happens in the Cytoplasm?

Glucose gets converted into a more usable formula called Pyruvate form ATP and NADH

Where does the Kreb Acid Cycle take place?

Mitochondria

What happens in the Mitochondria?

The Mitochondria oxidize Pyruvate to create 2 ATP, 5 NADH, and 2 FADH

Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place?

Mitochondria

What happens in the Mitochondria?

The NADH AND FADH Transport electrons to electron carriers

Where do those Electron carriers bring the electrons to?

ATP Synthase

What does ATP Synthase make?

ATP

Where is the DNA located?

Nucleus

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

What does DNA control?

It controls all your traits (height, hair color, eye color)

Does every cell in you body have DNA?

Yes

Is your DNA code turned on all the time?

No

What does Gene Regulation mean?

DNA code can be turn on/off

What category in the 4 major molecules does DNA fall under?

Nucleic Acid

What shape is DNA

Double Helix

There are 4 bases in the DNA structure, what are they called?

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine

Which of the 4 bases go together?

A → T

G → C

What is holding the DNA strucutre?

Hydrogen bonds

What would happen if you didn’t have RNA

You wouldn’t be able to get the genetic message to your cells to create your traits

What does RNA stand for?

Ribonucleic Acid

What are the 4 bases for RNA

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine

Which of the 4 bases go together?

A → U

G → C

Where does RNA start and where does it go and why?

It starts in the Nucleus and travels out to deliver messages of the DNA

How many types of RNA are there?

3

What are the 3 RNA types

mRNA (message), tRNA (transport), and rRNA (ribosome)

What does DNA code proteins to do?

Make pigment (color)

Protein makes color because it was coded to do so. What is that process called?

Protein Synthesis

How many steps does Protein Synthesis have?

2

What are those 2 steps called?

Transcription and Translation (in that order)

What is the difference between them?

Transcription = Transcribes the DNA into a message (mRNA)

Translation = Translates the DNA message into a protein

What happens when the mRNA sends that message?

The tRNA carries an Amino Acid and bases to plug into the RNA

What happens it pairs up?

The tRNA will drop off the Amino Acid