Semester 2 Final Exam Study Guide

Flashcards covering the Industrial Revolution through Modern World History

Agricultural Revolution

• a period of significant agricultural development between mid 17th-19th century

  • Effects: increased profits, rapid population growth from surpluses, a reduction in the amount of farmers needed, and an increase in urbanization -> Industrial Revolution

  • During this time, the British Parliament passed the Enclosure Acts to create privately-owned land that peasants could not use to grow their own crops--> millions of acres were enclosed, leading farm output to rise --> increased productivity + organization

Cottage Industry

• involved people producing goods on a small scale in their homes

Enclosure Acts

• the British Parliament passed the Enclosure Acts to create privately-owned land that peasants could not use to grow their own crops--> millions of acres were enclosed, leading farm output to rise --> increased productivity + organization

Enclosure Movement

• is the process of taking over and combining lands formerly owned by peasants

  • Effects: increase in urbanization, increased crop yield, productivity + organization, peasants are unable to grow their own crops, partly causes Industrial Revolution

Industrialization

• the growth of machine-powered production and manufacturing

Luddites

• protesting workers (often smashed machines and burned factories/ they opposed the use of machines that could decrease wages and produce lesser quality textiles)

Suffrage

• The right to vote (In America, the 19th Amendment passed in 1920 granted women the right to vote

Socialism

• economic system in which most means of production is owned and controlled by government

Capitalism

• economic system where the means of production are owned by private individuals

Industrial Revolution impact on social classes

• Social classes during the 19th century (Industrial Revolution times) had a more equal distribution of wealth, especially compared to the social classes in the 17th century. For social classes in the 19th century, there was social mobility and growth in the middle class.

Tenement Buildings

• multistory buildings divided into crowded apartments; usually had no running water, sewage, or sanitation systems (sewage was dumped into rivers --> contamination --> spread of diseases and an overwhelming stench)

Who were two prominent leaders of the women’s rights movement that emerged during the Industrial Revolution?

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

Susan B. Anthony

an American leader of the women's suffrage movement, supported women's rights and the abolition movement

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• an American leader of the women's suffrage movement

  • was an author, lecturer, and activist who played a major role in the women's right movement

  • drafted speeches and many of the movement's important documents, including the women's "Declaration of Rights"

  • helped plan and lead the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention

  • Later in life, she began to focus more on social reforms, including child care, divorce laws, and temperance and died 18 years before women were granted the right to vote

Jethro Tull

Invented the seed drill, which deposited seeds in rows to use land more efficiently.

Laissez-faire

• Capitalists believe in the principle of "laissez-faire" economics, which means "let it be"

• Therefore, capitalism is opposed to government intervention in economics because capitalists believe it is inefficient.

• Rather, a free market produces the best economic outcome for society (gov. should not pick winners and losers.

Berlin Conference

• to avoid bloodshed, European powers met at an international conference in 1884 called the Berlin Conference / took place in Berlin, not Africa and no Africans were invited to the conference / At this conference, European powers recognized Leopold's private claims to the Congo Free State but called for free trade on the Congo and Niger Rivers

Sepoy Rebellion

• Sepoys rose up against their British officers after they were offended for having to bite off cartridges of new rifles that were covered in cow and pig grease (since Sepoys were Hindu/Muslim)--> they massacred British men, women, and children --> the British crushed the revolt and took revenge by torching villages and killing thousands of Indians (British deaths: 3,000 vs Indian deaths: 800,000

  • 1858: British Parliament ended the rule of BIC and put India directly under the British crown / Britain sent more troops to India, taxing Indians to pay the cost of these occupying forces

King Leopold II

•  (1835-1909) was the king of Belgium who led the first Western efforts to develop and control the Congo Basin / he ruled personally over the Congo Free State, which became part of Belgium in 1908

• Leopold II of Belgium hired Henry Stanley to explore the Congo River basin and arrange trade treaties with African leaders --> At the Berlin Conference, European powers recognized his private claims to the Congo Free State but called for free trade on the Congo and Niger Rivers (a place that featured the brutalization, torture, beating, and mutilating of African villagers - they were forced to work for nothing and forced to gather resources like rubber)

Imperialism

Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.

Major causes for imperialism

• Economic:

  • Manufacturers wanted access to natural resources like rubber, petroleum, and oil for machinery and wanted to expand their global markets by having more consumers to sell to

• Political and Military:

  • Western nations acquired colonies for the prestige (respect) of ruling a global empire and because of nationalism

• Humanitarian and Religious Goals:

  • Many Westerners sincerely felt that ppl in other parts of the world needed their help and guidance

  • Missionaries, doctors, and colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread what they saw as a blessings of Western civilization such as their medicine, law, and Christian religion

Direct Rule

sending officials and soldiers from France to administer their colonies / reflects the colonial belief that colonial people were incapable of ruling themselves (the French practiced this because their goal was to impose French culture on their colonies and turn them into French provinces)

Under both direct and indirect rule, the result was the same: traditional rulers no longer had power or influence

Indirect Rule

does not replace traditional rulers with European officials, but local leaders only had limited power and could not influence government decisions

Under both direct and indirect rule, the result was the same: traditional rulers no longer had power or influence

Sphere of Influence

An area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges.

Social Darwinism

The application of Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest to human societies. With these ideas, many imperialists believed that they were the superior and fittest humans and that their duty was to imperialize other nations and get rid of the inferior

Opium War

• Chinese government called on Britain to stop the trade of opium, but they refused, claiming free trade rights (mostly bc they made large profits from the resulting addiction) --> 1839: Chinese warships clashed with British merchants triggering the Opium War --> 1842: Britain made China sign the Treaty of Nanjing

Treaty of Nanjing

• under this treaty, Britain received a huge indemnity (payment for losses in war) and Hong Kong / it was a treaty made to end the Opium Wars / the "most favored nation" clause declared that if China granted rights to another nation, Britain automatically gained those rights as well

Taiping Rebellion

Led by Hong Xiuquan; took the Chinese Qing government 15 years to end the rebellion, and more than 20 million Chinese died in the fighting

Sino-Japanese War

• Japan industrialized rapidly after 1868, joining the Western imperialists in the competition for a global empire and in 1894 Japan fought China and won in this war, allowing them to gain control of Korea and Taiwan

Boxer Rebellion

•  1899: group of Chinese peasants formed a secret anti-foreign group called the Righteous Harmonious Fists, which the Westerners called the "Boxers" (their goal was to drive out "foreign devils" who were polluting the land with their Non-Chinese ways) --> they attacked and killed foreigners across China

Treaty of Versailles

Germany had to take full responsibility for the war. / Germany had to limit its army to 100,000 men. / Germany had to pay 132 billion gold marks = $442 billion US dollars. / Germany had to give up the territory of Alsace-Lorraine (region of northern Europe on the border between France and Germany, which was ceded to Germany after the Franco-Prussian War) and its colonies in Africa and China.

Zimmerman Telegram

Sent by the Germans on Jan 16, 1917, to Mexico;  it was found out by British code breakers and revealed German plan to begin unrestricted submarine warfare and form alliance w/ Mexico against U.S. (this angered many Americans and led the US to join WWI on the side of the Allies on Apr 6, 1917

why did the US join WWI?

• January 16, 1917 the German Empire sent the Zimmerman Telegram to Mexico.

• The telegram revealed a German plan to begin unrestricted submarine warfare and form an alliance with Mexico against the United States. 

The code is broken and Americans are outraged!

• The sinking of the Lusitania kills 128 Americans.

• The Zimmerman Telegram angered Americans.

• America joins the war on the side of the “Allies” on April 6, 1917.

• German forces are exhausted and facing heavy casualties, this is the beginning of the end.

alliances during WWI

• Triple Alliance- (1882) agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (aka the Central Powers)

  • Alliances- are formal agreements between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another's defense

• Triple Entente- (1907) agreement between France, Britain, and Russia (aka the Allies)

long-term causes of WWI

• Militarism: the glorification of the military and the focus on defense spending ex: Anglo-German Naval Race

• Alliances: are formal agreements between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another's defense (Triple Alliance / Triple Entente)

• Imperialism: domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region (increased competition) Crisis in Morocco

• Nationalism: Slavic nationalism was strongest in Serbia, where it had risen significantly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

short-term causes of WWI

• 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed (add a territory) Bosnia.

• This angered Serbia and Slavic nationalists throughout Europe.

• The heir to Austria-Hungary visits Bosnia….

• On June 28^th 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary is assassinated by Serbian nationalists!!!

• As a result, Austria declares war on Serbia

Nationalism

The identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or harm of other nations (a long-term cause of WWI)

Which empire annexed Bosnia in 1908, angering Serbian nationalists.

Austria-Hungary

Total War

Channeling of a nation's entire resources into a war effort / in total war, the gov. began to censor books, movies, and art to keep any neg. news of the war from the public (propaganda)

Armenian Genocide

Tensions between Ottoman rulers and minority peoples, which resulted from the growth in Turkish nationalism, led to increasing persecution and a brutal genocide of the Armenians, a Christian ppl concentrated in the eastern mountains of the empire

• Occurred because of ideas of social Darwinism, nationalism, and hate (Ottoman Muslims tried to convert Ottoman Christians/Armenians

What new technology was used during World War I?

• The invention of the machine gun (1884) and long range artillery guns made WWI so deadly.

• Poison gas was used to blind or choke its victims. Poison gas could also cause burns and blisters.

• In 1916, Britain introduced the first armored tank.

• In 1915, Germany used zeppelins, large gas-filled balloons to bomb the English coast.

• Submarines did damage to merchant ships, cutting off supplies. 

• Airplanes

• Long-range artillery (causes highest casualty rate of 60%)

Schlieffen Plan

• German war plan to defeat France first then focus on Russia to avoid fighting a two-front war

  • Germany needed to march through neutral Belgium, then swing south behind French lines

  • plan fails due to quick Russian mobilization

Great Depression

• a painful time of global economic collapse / severe worldwide economic downturn, starting in 1929 and lasting until about 1939 (many industrialized nations experienced high unemployment and poverty rates, bank failures, and severe inflation) US unemployment rate 1933: 25.6%

  • Four economic indicators we can study to analyze the Great Depression: industrial production, wholesale prices, foreign trade, and unemployment

What were the alliances during World War II?

• Axis Powers- (aka Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis) group of countries led by Germany, Italy, and Japan, that fought the Allies in WWII, they agreed not to interfere with one another's plans for territorial expansion

• Allied Powers- the United States (involved after Pearl Harbor and was a great impact to WWII bc they produced more than all the Axis powers combined and used atomic bombs), Britain, France, and the Soviet Union

Adolf Hitler

(1889–1945) was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. After Hitler was appointed chancellor, he immediately transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich. He wanted to establish a "New Order" and create more "living space" for what he believed was the superior Aryan race. Hitler aggressively invaded neighboring nations, which led to World War II. As Germany faced defeat in 1945, Hitler committed suicide to avoid capture by the Soviets.

Mein Kampf

while in prison, Hitler wrote his manifesto called Mein Kamph, which means "My Struggle" / it reflected Hitler's obsessions: nationalism, racism, and anti-Semitism

long-term causes of WW2

• Treaty of Versailles: reparations, demilitarized Rhineland, not allowed to expand, limited military, harsh rules blaming the Germans

• Great Depression: The Great Depression severely impacted global economies, leading to widespread unemployment, poverty, and social unrest, creating fertile ground for extremist ideologies

• Appeasement and weak League of Nations

• Imperialism and Expansion

short-term causes of WW2

• Germany invades the rest of Czechoslovakia, breaking the Munich Agreement, and leading Western democracies to finally admit the policy of appeasement is not working

• Sep 1st 1939: German forces invade Poland and two days later Britain and France declare war on Germany

Anschluss

by March 1938, Hitler was ready to enact the Anschluss, or union of Austria and Germany / when Austria's chancellor protested, Hitler sent German troops to Austria to "preserve the peace" / German had annexed Austria, violating the Treaty of Versailles

Nazi-Soviet Pact

Agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union in August 1939 in which the two nations promised not to fight each other and to divide up land in Eastern Europe /  bound to peaceful relations + secretly the two agreed to divide up Poland and the rest of Eastern Europe

Why did the US enter WW2?

• There was a major shift in favor of the Allies during this time because on December 8th 1941 the US declared war on Japan after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The United States had finally gotten joined WWII. They were impactful because of their massive industrial capacity, military strength, and economic resources. The US produced more than all the Axis powers combined, leading to the lose of the Axis powers.

• Pearl Harbor- Dec 7th, 1941, Japanese dictator Hideki ordered the surprise attack on an American naval base, called Pearl Harbor (2,403 Americans died in the attack) / Dec 8 1941, America declares war on Japan

isolationism

During World War II, isolationism meant the United States' policy of avoiding involvement in international conflicts and alliances. It was a period of strong public sentiment in the US that favored staying out of foreign wars, focusing instead on domestic issues and avoiding entanglement in global conflicts.

What marked the official start of WW2?

Sep 1st 1939: German forces invade Poland and two days later Britain and France declare war on Germany

appeasement

policy of giving in to an aggressor's demands in order to keep the peace (world leaders did this, leading to Hitler's rise to power)

examples of Hitler’s actions being appeased

• Mobilization of Troops: Hitler, after becoming Chancellor in Jan 1933, immediately began secretly building up the Germany's army and weapons.

  • Although Britain and France were aware of Hitler's actions, they were also concerned about the rise of Communism and believed that a stronger Germany might help to prevent the spread of Communism to the West.

• Militarization of Rhineland: In 1936, Hitler ordered German troops to enter the Rhineland, militarizing it. At this point, the Germany army was not very strong and could have easily been defeated, but neither France nor Britain was prepared to start another war.

• Anschluss: In March 1938, German troops marched into Austria, land that had been taken away from Germany, and Germany annexed Austria.

• Munich Agreement: was a settlement in 1938 reached by Germany (Hitler), Great Britain (Chamberlain), France (Edouard Daladier), and Italy (Mussolini) / German annexed the Sudetenland and promised to stop expanding

  • Hitler broke the agreement and promise and invaded all of Czechoslovakia

  • Hitler invaded Poland

Beer Hall Putsch

in November 1923, Hitler staged a coup (sudden violent overthrowing of the government) known as the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich Germany

Munich agreement

was a settlement in 1938 reached by Germany (Hitler), Great Britain (Chamberlain), France (Edouard Daladier), and Italy (Mussolini) / German annexed the Sudetenland and promised to stop expanding

Kristallnacht

• November 9th, 1938 / means “night of broken glass.” / Jewish owned businesses, buildings, schools, and synagogues were destroyed / Over 1,000 synagogues were burned and over 7,000 Jewish businesses were either destroyed or damaged / This is considered the turning point for the beginning of Hitler’s "final solution"

Holocaust

• the mass slaughter of European civilians and especially Jews by the Nazis during WWII / the systematic genocide of about six million European Jews by the Nazis in WWII (holocaust means sacrifice consumed by fire)

Nuremberg Trials

series of war crime trials held in Germany after WWII / are held so that Axis leaders can be tried for their "crimes against humanity"

Cold War

• It was a period of intense tension and rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union that lasted from the late 1940s to the early 1990s

• It was called "cold" because there was no direct fighting between the two superpowers- but the threat of war was always there

• Even though they never fought directly in a full war, they competed in many ways-- like building up nuclear weapons, spreading their political ideas, forming alliances, and trying to influence other countries around the world

Mao Zedong

• He seized control of China through a communist revolution led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

• Causes for his success:

  • Peasants favored him because communists promised to redistribute land to peasants

  • Women favored Mao since they rejected the ways of traditional Chinese society

• He created a one-party totalitarian state

• Communist ideology replaced traditional Chinese beliefs

  • Buddhists and Christians faced persecution and death

  • Landlords and middle class property owners faced persecution and death

• He enacted the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural revolution

Ho Chi Minh

He was the communist leader of North Vietnam / His goal was to reunite Vietnam under a communist rule / he helped the Viet Cong and Saigon is named after him

Joseph Stalin

• He attended the Yalta conference and promised to hold free elections but did not keep this promise / he also attended the Potsdam conference

• He was the dictator of the Soviet Union, wanted to spread communism and wanted to create a buffer zone of countries to protect against Germany

• He began to expand outside of Eastern Europe by supporting Greek communists, and threatening to take over Turkey

what prompts Truman to write his Truman Doctrine Speech?

Soviet Union threatening to expand communism into Greece and Turkey

Viet Cong

communist rebels in South Vietnam who sought to overthrow South Vietnam's government; received assistance from North Vietnam

proxy war

•  the Cold War Era led to many of these wars / it is a war fought between groups or smaller countries that each represent the interests of other larger powers, and may have help and support from larger powers

examples of proxy wars

Korean war and Vietnam war

Containment

the U.S. strategy of limiting communism to the areas already under Soviet control

Democracy

government in which the people hold ruling power

Communism

form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx; According to Marx, class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole

NATO

a military alliance between several North Atlantic states to safeguard them from the presumed threat of the Soviet Union's communist bloc; countries from other regions later joined the alliance

Warsaw Pact

mutual-defense alliance between the Soviet Union and seven other countries in Eastern Europe set up in 1955

Cultural Revolution

1996: Mao enacted the Cultural Rev. to purge China of non-revolutionary tendencies

Great Leap Forward

• 1958-1960: Mao enacted the Great Leap Forward, a policy to increase farm and industrial output

  • Communes were collective units divided into production tasks

  • The Great Leap Forward was a massive failure! As many as 55 million Chinese people starved to death due to famines

Berlin Wall

• under a communist government, many Germans living in the East experienced economic hardships and poverty

  • Since many Eastern Germans were fleeing to the West, the Berlin Wall was constructed to prevent this movement

  • The wall was a powerful symbol of communist oppression, standing from 1961 until its fall in 1989

causes and effects of the Korean War

• 1950 North Korea attacked South Korea

  • 1953 fighting ended

  • China and the Soviet Union helped support North Korea

  • The United States and the UN helped support South Korea

  • An armistice was signed to stop fighting, but no peace treaty has been negotiated

  • Tensions between the two nations remain strained today

causes and effects of the Vietnam war

• Ho Chi Minh helped the Viet Cong, a group of communist rebels trying to defeat the Southern Vietnamese government

  • 1968: communist forces launched the Tet Offensive, a series of attacks by the Viet Cong on cities across the South

  • 1973: American President, Richard Nixon, arranged a cease-fire

  • 1975: North Vietnamese captured Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, and renamed it Ho Chi Minh City

Why did the Soviet Union Collapse?

• Read the fall of the Soviet Union handout:

  • The Afghan War (1979-1989)

  • Economic Stagnation

  • Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster (1986)

  • Gorbachev's Reforms (Perestroika and Glasnost)

  • Rise of Independence Movements

Glasnost

 "openness" or "transparency" in Russian; a Soviet policy of greater freedom of expression and reduced government censorship introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s / it allowed more public criticism and this approach revealed long-hidden gov. fail and gave citizens unprecedented freedom to discuss and challenge the Soviet system

Perestroika

• a Soviet policy of democratic and free-market reforms introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s / it was a political and economic reform strategy meaning "rebuilding" or "restructuring"

  • It was an attempt to modernize the Soviet economic system by introducing limited market-llike practices. However, these reforms created unexpected economic disruptions and ultimately destabilized the existing communist system

Iron Curtain

 descended over eastern Europe and was a term coined by Winston Churchill / it stemmed from the Baltic sea to the Adriatic sea / it divided Europe between communist east and capitalist west (this was "iron curtain" was presented in Churchill's The Sinews of Peace Speech, 1946)

What message did Churchill convey with his “iron curtain” speech?

a message of warning about the expansion of Soviet influence in Eastern and Central Europe. He emphasized that the Soviet Union had erected a political, military, and ideological barrier ("iron curtain") separating itself from the West. Churchill's speech also called for renewed cooperation between the United States and Great Britain to address the threat posed by Soviet communism and maintain peace.

In 2025, what kind of government does North Korea have?

communist dictatorship

Human Rights

Rights that all people should have

Tiananmen Square Massacre

• Protests:

The protests began in April 1989, initially as a mourning gathering for the death of a liberal party leader, Hu Yaobang. They quickly evolved into a broader movement demanding political and economic reform, and eventually, democracy.

• Crackdown:

The Chinese government, fearing the spread of the protests and the potential for instability, responded with a military crackdown. On June 3rd and 4th, the People's Liberation Army entered Tiananmen Square with tanks and other military vehicles, firing on unarmed civilians and students.

• Casualties:

The number of casualties is disputed. The Chinese government initially reported 200 civilians and several dozen security personnel killed, while other estimates ranged from hundreds to thousands.

• Aftermath:

The protests were effectively crushed, and many leaders and participants were arrested and imprisoned. The event is a highly sensitive topic in China, with authorities often censoring any mention of it and preventing public memorials.

• International Response:

The Tiananmen Square massacre drew widespread condemnation from the international community and led to diplomatic sanctions against China

Primary Sources: There are primary sources on the final. If you see a primary source speech, propaganda poster, political cartoon, excerpt, etc. would you be able to answer:

1. Historical Context

2. Intended Audience- who is the source intended for and why does it matter

3. Purpose- why was the source written or drawn in that time period

4. Point of View POV- who is the author or creator and how would this create bias