2. Urinary system

polydipsia, lethargy, anorexia, ataxia, polyuria, anuria, oligouria, hematuria, peripheral edema, coma and death

(Starting off sad)

List some of the most common clinical signs that you see with nephrotoxicity

elevated creatinine and BUN, electrolyte abnormalities, azotemia

What would you typically see on a serum biochemistry in a patient with nephrotoxicity

remove from source, supportive therapy (diuresis, electrolyte correction), surgical (rumenotomy)

What are some initial treatment options for nephrotoxicity

oxalates

What organic acids are found preformed in some plants and crystalize in order to bind to calcium causing a calcium deficiency in many animals when ingested?

calcium oxalate; mucosal irritation, oral mucosal hyperemia, swellingm hypersalivation

what is one insoluble oxalate and what kinds of issues do insoluble oxalates cause?

K, Na, Oxalic acid

What are some soluble oxalates?

ruminants (rumen can detoxify oxalate, and they can adapt over time to low exposure)

Which species of animal is more tolerant to oxalates?

HORSES, monogastrics

Which species are more prone to chronic oxalate poisoning

all livestock, all parts of the plant

Which animals are affected by oxalates and which parts of the plants are toxic?

Ca ions, insoluble Ca oxalates (cant use this Ca anymore)

the mechanism of action for oxalates after absorption is that it reacts with ________ to form _________

muscle tremors, weakness, depression, anorexia, death

What are some signs of absorbable oxalates in ruminants?

all the calcium is bound up and cant be used to contract muscle

Why do we see muscle tremors and weakness with oxalate poisoning?

increased bone resorption, unthrifty, lameness, mastication problems (resorption of facial bones)

What are some general signs of oxalate toxicosis in horses?

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

________________: in horses - provoked by a low calcium, high phosphorus diet; bones become demineralized and fibrotic; also known as "big head' disease

cool

In horses with oxalate toxicosis, he has this dumb little diagram that looks like this to explain the mechanism of action for secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism.

Cool?

clinical signs, history, hypocalcemia, maybe oxalate crystals in the urine, blocked renal tubules

What are some things used to diagnose oxalate toxicity?

calcium gluconate, Fluid therapy, limewater orally (calcium hydroxylate binds oxalates in rumen), supportive care, calcium hydroxide

What are some treatments for oxalate toxicity?

stops the heart

Why wouldn't we just give a giant bolus of calcium to fix the hypocalcemia from oxalates?

goats

Theres a feed additive that contains 10-15% calcium hydroxide as an oxalate preventative.... what species is this most useful for?

adapt by gradually introducing oxalates into diet, supplement dicalcium phosphate via dietary calcium and salt mixtures with dicalcium, or pelleted alfalfa for sheep

What are a couple ways to prevent oxalate toxicity?

Halogeton

What plant is primarily an Na oxalate and is suspected of being a metabolic inhibitor?

arid alkaline soil/clay and disturbed soil in the midwest; all parts are toxic

Where does Halogeton affect animals and which parts of the plant are toxic?

later in growing season (palatable when dry)

When is halogeton most toxic?

0.3-0.5% BWT, 1.5 lbs

What is the lethal dose of halogeton to sheep?

severe nephritis, subsequent uremia and hypocalcemia

Halogeton is suspected of being a metabolic inhibitor

2-6, 9-11

the first signs of halogeton show up within _____-______ hours, and death happens in ______-______ hours

halogeton

What is this?

pigweed

What is this?

swine and cattle, high in leaves, moderate in grains, low in stems

Who is most affected by pigweed and where in the plant is most toxic

all over the US

where is pigweed found?

large quantities of fresh plants for 5-10 days in the summer

How much pigweed need to be consumed for it to be toxic?

knuckling of pastern/fetlock, muscle weakness, ataxia, perirenal edema

what are some clinical signs of pigweed?

Rhubarb

What is this?

domestic crop in fertile soil, leaves are most toxic

Where is rhubarb found and which part is most toxic?

curly dock

What is this

10-20 lbs of green plant, affects calcium and magnesium

how much curly dock do cattle have to eat to be affected? and what does it affect?

low blood calcium or kidney failure

How does curly dock cause death?

hydrosoluble tannins and colatile phenols (gallotanin, gallic acid, pyrogallol)

What are the toxic principles behind Oaks?

the compounds hydrolyze and then denature cell proteins leading to apoptosis

How do the tannins and phenols in oaks cause toxicosis?

all species affected (cattle/sheep>goats/wildlife), all parts of the plant are toxic

Who is affected most and which part of an oak is most toxic?

most toxic in spring (when leaves and flowers open), less toxic with mature leaves/acorns

Okay... so all parts of an oak are toxic... but it's more complicated than that: WHEN are we toxic

renal damage/failure, irritated/ulcerated GIT

What are the two overall systems affected most by Oak toxicity and how?

constipation, then diarrhea (bloody and black)

What GI signs do we see more specifically from Oak toxicity?

pale and swollen kidneys, mucoid hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

What signs would you see from an oak toxicity patient on pathology?

bracken fern

What is this?

Woodlands with sandy soil (throughout the US), all species, all parts of the plant

Where do we find bracken fern?

Who is is toxic to?

Which parts of the plant are toxic?

cattle, root rhizome

Okay, I get it, the whole plant is toxic and everyone is affected.

BUT who is MOST COMMONLY affected by bracken fern? and which part of the plant is the MOST toxic?

Pteridium aquilinum

Whats the scientific name for bracken fern?

bovine enzootic hematuria/redwater disease

What does bracken fern cause in cattle?

clostridium haemolyticum

What ELSE causes red water disease in cattle?

ptaquiloside; neoplastic formations in the urinary tract and immune suppression

What is the toxic principle behind bracken fern and how does it work?

chronic, bovine papilloma virus type 2

Does bracken fern poison cattle mostly through acute ingestion or chronic?.... What does it cause specifically in the urinary tract?

tachycardia, hematuria, weakness,

What are some clinical signs of bracken fern poisoning?

blood loss anemia, hematuria

What will you see on clinical pathology in cases of bracken fern toxicosis?

remove from source... no specific treatment

How do you treat Bracken fern toxicity?

cantharidin/blister beetle

Ew, David...

What IS that????

4-6 grams, 100 beetles

How many grams of blister beetles does an animal need to eat in order to become sick? About how many beetles is that?

trapped in alfalfa hay, necrosis of the mucous membranes

Where do animals usually eat blister beetles? And what does it do to them when they do?

dehydration, shock, renal failure (usually quick and usually BAD)

What are the signs that an animal has cantharidin toxicity?