Skull and Spine Bones (3)

Cervical

7 first vertebra, include atlas

Thoracic

12 vertebra, in the middle, attach to ribs

Lumbar

Last 5 vertebra, lower back

Sacral

5 fused vertebra, (sacrum)

Coccygeal

3-5 fused or partially fused vertebrae (coccyx)

Kyphosis

Exaggerated thoracic curvature

Lordosis

Exaggerated lumbar curavture

Scoliosis

Lateral curvature of the thoracic and lumbar curvature

Intervertebral foramina

Lateral openings for spinal nerves

Vertebral canal

Houses spinal cord

Vertebral body

Anterior to spinal cord, articulates with other vertebral bodies at intervertebral symphyse

Lamina and Pedicle

Collectively form vertebral arch that surrounds the spinal cord laterally and posteriorly

Vertebral foreman

Contributes to vertebral canal (opening)

Inferior vertebral notch

contributes to intervertebral foreman

Superior articular process

Supports superior articular facet

superior articular facet

articulates with inferior articular facet of adjacent superiorly positioned vertebra

Inferior articular process

Supports inferior articular facet

Inferior articular facet

articulates with superior articular facet of adjacent inferiorly positioned vertebra

Spinous process

Posterior projection

Transverse process

Lateral projections

Bifid spinous process (in C3-C6)

Forked, bifurcated tip; provides groove for nuchal ligament passage

Transverse foramen

Openings of the transverse processes for the passage of vertebral arteries

Anterior tubercle

Ligament attachment point

Posterior tubercle

Homologous to spinous process of other vertebrae; ligament attachment point

Dens

Superior projection that forms pivot joint with atlas

Prominens

Elongated, non-bifid spinous process, can be palpated on the upper back

inferior costal facet or demifacet (partial facet)

site of articulation with tubercle of rib; located on the inferolateral region of body of vertebra

Superior costal facet or demifacet (partial facet)

site of articulation with tubercle of rib; located on the superolateral region of body of vertebra

Transverse costal facet

Site of articulation with head of rib; located on the transverse process

Transverse lines

Location of intervertebral discs between the sacral vertebrae

Sacral promontory

Superior border of the first sacral vertebral body

Ala

Lateral triangular regions of the sacrum

Sacral foramen

Posterior and anterior openings through which blood vessels and nerves pass

Sacral canal

Elongated vertical passageway through which spinal nerve roots pass; extension of the vertebral canal

sacral hiatus

posterior opening of the sacral canal at inferior end of sacrum

superior articular process

bony projection supporting the superior articular facet

Auricular surface

lateral surface where sacrum articulates with the ilium of coxal bone

Sacral cornu

inferior bony projections that articulate with the cornua of the coccyx

lateral sacral crest

Posterior crest formed by fusion of transverse processes

median sacral crest

posterior midline crest formed by fusion of vertebral spines

Coccygeal cornu

Site of articulation with apex of sacrum

Manubrium

Superior part of sternum

Sternal body

Elongated middle part of sternum

Xiphoid process

Pointed inferior part of sternum; consists of hyaline cartalige

Jugular notch

located superior to the manubrium

Sternal angle

junction between the manubrium and sternal body; palpable landmark

Clavicular notch

point of articulation between the clavicle and manubrium

capitulum

Cranial or Head end of the rib that articulates with the body of a vertebra

Costal cartilages

Connections between ribs and sternum; consist of hyaline cartilage

Costal groove

Shallow furrow or channel that runs along the internal surface of the body of rib

Articular facets of capitulum

Point of articulation with vertebral body

Tubercle

Point of articulation with transverse process of vertebra

Vertebrosternal

Ribs 1-7, articulate with sternum via separate costal cartilage

Vertebrochondral

Ribs 8-10, articualte with sternum via a single costal cartilage

Vertebral

Ribs 11-12, do not articulate with the sternum (floating ribs)

Axial

Skull, Vertebral column, Rib cage

Appendicular

Pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb