history of abpsych

Trephination

Drilling holes in the skull

Hippocrates

Father of Medicine

Hippocrates

Associated mental illnesses to 4 bodily fluids (humors), natural causes, and classified mental disorders into MANIA, MELANCHOLIA, and PHRENITIS (brain fever)

4 Humors

blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm

Blood

sanguine - cheerful optimistic

yellow bile

choleric - irritable, aggressive

black bile

melancholic - sad, depressive

phlegm

phlegmatic - calm, sluggish, apathetic

Tarantism

dancing mania

Lycanthropy

belief one has become a wolf

Malleus Malefircum

The Hammer of Witches, witch crafting manual

Johann Weyer

considered the founder of Modern Psychopathology

Asylums

begin in 16th century, horrifying conditions

Philippe Pinel

France - unchained patients

Philippe Pinel

Father of Modern Psychiatry

William Tuke

England - York Retreat

Benjamin Rush

US - Father of American Psychiatry

Dorothea Dix

US - 32 state hospitals

Clifford Beers

US - founded the mental hygiene movement and the National Committee for Mental Hygiene

Biological Model

caused by genetics, brain structure, neurochemistry, hormones, and infections

serotonin

steady mood

dopamine

want/reward

noreadrenaline

concentration

GABA

calming

Glutamate

memory, learning

adrenaline

fight or flight

acetylcholine

focus

endorphins

euphoria, pain relief, feel better

Diathesis-Stress Model

a biological predisposition (diathesis) interacts with environmental stress to produce a disorder.

Psychodynamic Model

abnormal behavior results from unconscious conflicts originating in childhood experiences

ID

pleasure principle, unconscious drive

ego

reality principle, mediator

superego

moral principle, conscience

structure of personality

id, ego, superego

defense mechanisms

repression, denial, projection, displacement, sublimation, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, intellectualization

levels of consciousness

conscious, preconscious, unconscious

neurotic anxiety

unconscious conflict between id and ego

moral anxiety

conflict between ego and superego

realistic anxiety

response to actual treat

Neo-Freudian

Jung, Adler, Horney, Erikson, Sullivan, Anna Freud, Klein

Carl Jung

collective unconscious,, archetypes, introversion/extraversion

Alfred Adler

individual psychology, inferiority complex, striving for superiority, birth order

Karen Horney

challenged Freud’s view of women, basic anxiety from parent-child relationships, neurotic needs

Erik Erikson

psychosocial development, identity crisis

Harry Stack Sullivan

interpersonal theory of psychiatry, mental illness as a product of disturbed interpersonal relationships

Anna Freud

expanded on defense mechanisms, child psychoanalysis

Melanie Klein

object relations theory, early mother-infant relationship

Behavioral Model

abnormal behavior is learned focus on observable behavior

Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson)

abnormal behavior is a conditioned response

Watson - Little Albert Experiment

Operant Conditioning (BF Skinner)

behavior is shaped by reinforcement and punishment

Observational Learning (Albert Bandura)

behavior is learned by observing and imitating

Bobo Doll experiment

Cognitive Model

abnormal behavior results from maladaptive thinking patterns- irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions, and faulty information processing

Aaron Beck

cognitive theory of depression, cognitive distortions, all or nothing thinking, catastrophizing, overgeneralization, selective abstraction. magnification/minimization, personalization

Cognitive Triad

Negative views of:

1. the self

2. the world

3. the future

Albert Ellis

rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), ABC Model, Irrational Beliefs cause emotional Disturbance

ABC Model

Activating Agent → Beliefs (rational/irrational) → Consequences (emotional/behavior)

Martin Seligman

Learned Helplessness Theory

Learned Helplessness Theory

when individuals learn they have no control over negative events, they develop helplessness that may lead to depression

Humanistic-Existential Model

abnormal behavior results from failures in self-actualization, lack of unconditional positive regard, and loss of meaning or authentic existence

Carl Rogers

Person Centered Therapy

Person Centered Therapy

conditions of worth create a incongruence between the real self and ideal self. Therapist provides unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuiness

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of needs - highest need: self actualization

psychological problems arise when lower needs are unmet

Fritz Perls

Gestalt therapy

Gestalt therapy

focus on present awareness, “here and now”, personal responsibility and integrating fragmented aspects of the self

Rollo May, Viktor Frankl, Irvin Yalom

Existential Perspective

Existential Perspective

focuses on themes off freedom, responsibility, meaning, isolation, and death anxiety

Logotherapy

“meaning therapy” based on Frankl’s Holocaust experience

Sociocultural Model

abnormal behavior is influenced by social and cultural forces

Family Systems Theory

mental illness is a product of dysfunctional family dynamics

societal labels/Labeling theory (Thomas Scheff)

being labeled as “mentally ill” can become a self-fulfilling prophecy and lead to social stigma

Social Causation vs Social Seletion

social causation = poverty and disadvantage CAUSE mental illness

social selection (drift) = people with mental illness DRIFT into lower socioeconomic status

Culture-Bound Syndromes

disorders found in specific cultural contexts

Biopsychosocial Model

mental disorders result from the interaction of BIOLOGICAL (genetics, viruses), PSYCHOLOGICAL (thoughts, emotions, behaviors), and SOCIAL ( socioeconomic, cultural, family) factors.

Biopsychosocial Model

most widely accepted integrative model in modern abnormal psychology

Gene-Environment Model

genetic endowment may increase the probability that an individual will experience stressful event in life

Epigenetics Model

although the environment cannot change our DNA sequence, it can have an influence on the DNA by changing the gene expression

Triple Vulnerability Model

posits that anxiety and mood disorders arise from the interaction of three key factors

General Biological Vulnerability

a genetic or inherited predisposition to be temperamentally neurotic, sensitive, or anxious

General Psychological Vulnerability

Stemming from early life experiences, this is the development of a belief that the world is uncontrollable, unpredictable, and dangerous

Specific Psychological Vulnerability

Specific learning experiences that focus anxiety on particular objects, situations, or internal sensations,

Predisposing factor

vulnerabilities, factors that increase susceptibility to developing a disorder

Precipitating factor

Trigger the immediate onset of a disorder

Perpetuating

maintaining, keep the disorder going and prevent recovery

Protective Factor

improve a patient’s resilience and protect against developing or worsening a disorder