exam 1

studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 132

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

133 Terms

1

A food scientist is developing a infant formula that simulates the composition of breast milk. Based on this information, which of the following substances would he add to the formula's recipe?

Lactose

New cards
2

A scientist thinks she has discovered an essential nutrient for humans, because this substance is 

needed for the normal development of human cells.

New cards
3

An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the

amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people in a particular population.

New cards
4

Most forms of ________ are a source of energy for cells.

carbohydrate

New cards
5

Table sugar is nearly ________ carbohydrate.

100%

New cards
6

The Tolerable Upper Limit for a nutrient is the

highest average amount that is unlikely to harm most people when consumed daily.

New cards
7

The ________ is the third segment of the small intestine.

ileum

New cards
8

Which of the following foods is a rich source of fiber?

Brown rice

New cards
9

Which of the following organs produces and secretes enzymes that are essential for proper digestion?

Sucrose

New cards
10

Which of the following nutrients is a source of energy?

Protein

New cards
11

Tamika's 52-year-old father died as a result of a condition that is the leading cause of death in the United States. Based on this information, Tamika's father died from

heart disease.

New cards
12

Which of the following behaviors is a known risk factor for heart disease?

Smoking cigarettes

New cards
13

A scientist thinks she has discovered an essential nutrient for humans, because this substance is 

needed for the normal development of human cells.

New cards
14

An essential nutrient

must be supplied by the diet.

New cards
15

Maria limits her sodium intake to 2.3 g/day. This amount is equivalent to

2300 mg/day.

New cards
16

Review the following claims that a manufacturer wants to include on the labels of packaged foods. Which one would the FDA allow to be used?

"While many factors contribute to the development of heart disease, diets low in saturated fat and trans fat may reduce the risk of this disease."

New cards
17

Which of the following standards can help you compare nutrient contents of packaged foods to make more healthful choices?

 

DVs

New cards
18

Which of the following groups of foods is not a major food group of MyPlate?

 

Oils

New cards
19

Which of the following organs is not an accessory organ of the digestive system?

Brain

New cards
20

What is the AI (Adequate Intake) for fiber for men and women under 50?

38 grams per day for men and 25 grams per day for women.

New cards
21

Why do most people fail to meet fiber recommendations?

Due to a lack of produce in the diet.

New cards
22

Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?

In the mouth with salivary amylase.

New cards
23

What happens to salivary amylase in the stomach?

It is inactivated by the stomach’s acid.

New cards
24

What are the main sites of carbohydrate digestion and absorption?

The small intestine, where enzymes like pancreatic amylase, maltase, sucrase, and lactase are involved.

New cards
25

What does the liver do in carbohydrate digestion?

The liver receives absorbed glucose, fructose, and galactose from the small intestine.

New cards
26

What happens to undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine?

Some soluble fiber and undigested carbohydrates are fermented.

New cards
27

What is the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation?

Insulin helps glucose enter cells, enhances the production of fat, glycogen, and protein, and decreases hunger.

New cards
28

How does glucagon affect blood glucose?

Glucagon raises blood glucose by promoting glycogen breakdown and the breakdown of triglycerides for energy.

New cards
29

What are ketone bodies and when are they produced?

Ketone bodies form during incomplete fat breakdown, especially during fasting, starvation, or low-carb diets.

New cards
30

What is ketoacidosis?

A condition caused by very high blood ketone levels, which can lead to acidic blood, unconsciousness, and death, particularly in poorly controlled type 1 diabetes.

New cards
31

What is the typical carbohydrate intake pattern in the American diet?

About 46% of total calories from carbohydrates, with 20.5% from sugars and 18% from added sugars.

New cards
32

What should the intake of added sugars be according to the Dietary Guidelines?

Less than 10% of total kilocalories.

New cards
33

What information can you find on a Nutrition Facts panel?

It includes information on total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, total sugars, and added sugars in a serving of food.

New cards
34

How can you increase your intake of healthy carbohydrates?

By substituting unhealthy options like sugar-sweetened drinks and cookies with water, whole grains, nuts, fresh fruit, and raw vegetables.

New cards
35

What health risks are associated with sugar-sweetened soft drinks?

They are linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.

New cards
36

What is diabetes mellitus?

A group of chronic diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism, with hyperglycemia as the primary sign.

New cards
37

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Type 1 is an autoimmune disease where the body stops making insulin, while type 2 involves insulin resistance in cells.

New cards
38

What is gestational diabetes?

A form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and can lead to complications for both the mother and baby.

New cards
39

What is hypoglycemia and how is it treated?

Hypoglycemia is abnormally low blood glucose, and it is treated by ingesting 15 grams of sugar.

New cards
40

What is lactose intolerance?

The inability to digest lactose due to a lack of lactase, leading to symptoms like cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea.

New cards
41

Is lactose intolerance the same as a milk allergy?

No, lactose intolerance is a digestive issue, while a milk allergy is an immune response.

New cards
42

Does sugar cause hyperactivity?

Despite popular belief, scientific studies do not indicate that sugar causes hyperactivity or behavioral issues in children.

New cards
43

What is the scientific study of cells and body structures?

Anatomy.

New cards
44

What is the scientific study of how cells and body structures function?

Physiology.

New cards
45

What is the smallest living functional unit in an organism?

Cell.

New cards
46

What are structures within cells that perform specialized functions?

Organelles.

New cards
47

What are mass cells with similar characteristics and functions called?

Tissues.

New cards
48

What type of tissue forms linings and coverings, like the skin?

Epithelial tissue.

New cards
49

What type of tissue holds together, protects, and supports organs, such as bone, fat, and blood?

Connective tissue.

New cards
50

What is a collection of tissues that perform in a related fashion?

Organ.

New cards
51

What is a group of organs that work together for a similar purpose?

Organ system.

New cards
52

What does the gastrointestinal (GI) tract do?

It is a muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus and absorbs nutrients.

New cards
53

What is the process of absorbing nutrients from the GI tract into the bloodstream or lymph called?

Absorption.

New cards
54

What begins digestion in the mouth?

Mechanical digestion (biting and grinding food) and chemical digestion (saliva with enzymes).

New cards
55

What is the enzyme that begins breaking down starch in the mouth?

Salivary amylase.

New cards
56

What enzyme in the mouth begins the breakdown of fats?

Salivary lipase.

New cards
57

What is the tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach?

Esophagus.

New cards
58

What prevents food from entering the trachea when swallowing?

The epiglottis.

New cards
59

What is the mass of chewed and swallowed food called?

Bolus.

New cards
60

What are muscular contractions that move food and beverages through the digestive tract?

Peristalsis.

New cards
61

What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter?

It constricts to close off the end of the esophagus, keeping food inside the stomach.

New cards
62

What are the key components of gastric juice?

Water, hydrochloric acid (HCl), and enzymes.

New cards
63

What is chyme?

A mixture of gastric juice and partially digested food.

New cards
64

What are the two types of digestion that occur in the stomach?

Mechanical digestion (churning of stomach walls) and chemical digestion (HCl and pepsin).

New cards
65

What is the function of mucus in the stomach?

It lubricates and protects the stomach walls.

New cards
66

What controls the rate of chyme’s release into the small intestine?

The pyloric sphincter.

New cards
67

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

New cards
68

What is segmentation in the small intestine?

The back-and-forth mixing of chyme to aid digestion and absorption.

New cards
69

What is the function of the liver in digestion?

It processes and stores nutrients, makes cholesterol, and produces bile.

New cards
70

What does the gallbladder store?

Bile, which aids in fat digestion.

New cards
71

What does the pancreas produce for digestion?

Bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes.

New cards
72

What are villi in the small intestine?

Tiny, fingerlike projections that aid in digestion and absorption.

New cards
73

What do absorptive cells in the small intestine do?

They remove nutrients from chyme and transfer them into the blood or lymph.

New cards
74

How are water-soluble nutrients absorbed in the small intestine?

They enter the capillaries of villi and travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.

New cards
75

How are fat-soluble nutrients absorbed in the small intestine?

They form chylomicrons, which enter the lacteals (lymphatic system).

New cards
76

What happens in the large intestine?

Minimal nutrient absorption occurs, and feces form as chyme becomes semisolid.

New cards
77

What is stored in the rectum?

Feces, which are stored until elimination.

New cards
78

What is gut microbiota?

The collection of microbes (mostly bacteria) in the large intestine that metabolize food, make vitamins, and produce gas.

New cards
79

What is intestinal dysbiosis?

An imbalance in gut microbiota that may cause inflammation and contribute to chronic diseases.

New cards
80

What are probiotics?

Live, beneficial gut microbes that may help treat or prevent certain intestinal disorders.

New cards
81

What are prebiotics?

Forms of dietary fiber that support the growth of beneficial gut microbes and “feed” probiotics.

New cards
82

What are the leading causes of death linked to poor eating habits?

Heart disease, some types of cancer, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.

New cards
83

What is an essential nutrient?

A nutrient that must be supplied by food, whose deficiency causes disease that can be corrected when the nutrient is added back to the diet.

New cards
84

What are macronutrients?

Nutrients needed in large amounts, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

New cards
85

What are micronutrients?

Nutrients needed in small amounts, including vitamins and minerals.

New cards
86

Why is variety important in a diet?

No single natural food contains all nutrients in the amounts needed by the body.

New cards
87

What are empty calories?

Energy supplied by solid fats, added sugars, and/or alcohol, with little nutritional value.

New cards
88

What is nutrient density?

Foods that contain more key beneficial nutrients in relation to their total calories.

New cards
89

What does moderation in diet mean?

Balancing calorie intake with expenditure while obtaining adequate nutrients.

New cards
90

Why are dietary supplements not substitutes for food?

Whole and minimally processed foods are the most natural, reliable sources of nutrients.

New cards
91

What is malnutrition?

A condition resulting from undernutrition or overnutrition, where nutrient intake is imbalanced.

New cards
92

What groups are at high risk of undernutrition in the U.S.?

Low-income individuals, those with anorexia nervosa, drug or alcohol addictions, hospitalized patients, and people with certain chronic conditions.

New cards
93

What are functional foods?

Foods made to boost nutrient intake, reduce disease risk, or manage specific health problems.

New cards
94

What units of measure are commonly used in nutrition?

Length in meters, weight in grams, and volume in liters.

New cards
95

What is a calorie?

A measure of food energy, with 1 kilocalorie (kcal) being the heat energy needed to raise 1 liter of water by 1°C.

New cards
96

What are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?

Energy and nutrient intake standards used as references for dietary recommendations.

New cards
97

What are the five major food groups?

Grains, dairy products, protein-rich foods, fruits, and vegetables.

New cards
98

What is the primary macronutrient in grains?

Carbohydrate, with some protein.

New cards
99

Why are whole grains recommended over refined grains?

They provide more fiber and micronutrients.

New cards
100

Which dairy products are included in the dairy group?

Milk and products made from milk that retain much of their calcium content, and some soy-based products.

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 11 people
851 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 208 people
310 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 34 people
96 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 6 people
150 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1 person
774 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
973 days ago
4.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
98 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 23101 people
698 days ago
4.7(77)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (41)
studied byStudied by 1 person
44 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (81)
studied byStudied by 63 people
675 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (89)
studied byStudied by 1 person
636 days ago
4.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (48)
studied byStudied by 8 people
417 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (49)
studied byStudied by 6 people
838 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (27)
studied byStudied by 4 people
321 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (67)
studied byStudied by 19 people
825 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (39)
studied byStudied by 45 people
106 days ago
5.0(1)
robot