exam 1

A food scientist is developing a infant formula that simulates the composition of breast milk. Based on this information, which of the following substances would he add to the formula's recipe?

Lactose

A scientist thinks she has discovered an essential nutrient for humans, because this substance is 

needed for the normal development of human cells.

An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the

amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people in a particular population.

Most forms of ________ are a source of energy for cells.

carbohydrate

Table sugar is nearly ________ carbohydrate.

100%

The Tolerable Upper Limit for a nutrient is the

highest average amount that is unlikely to harm most people when consumed daily.

The ________ is the third segment of the small intestine.

ileum

Which of the following foods is a rich source of fiber?

Brown rice

Which of the following organs produces and secretes enzymes that are essential for proper digestion?

Sucrose

Which of the following nutrients is a source of energy?

Protein

Tamika's 52-year-old father died as a result of a condition that is the leading cause of death in the United States. Based on this information, Tamika's father died from

heart disease.

Which of the following behaviors is a known risk factor for heart disease?

Smoking cigarettes

A scientist thinks she has discovered an essential nutrient for humans, because this substance is 

needed for the normal development of human cells.

An essential nutrient

must be supplied by the diet.

Maria limits her sodium intake to 2.3 g/day. This amount is equivalent to

2300 mg/day.

Review the following claims that a manufacturer wants to include on the labels of packaged foods. Which one would the FDA allow to be used?

"While many factors contribute to the development of heart disease, diets low in saturated fat and trans fat may reduce the risk of this disease."

Which of the following standards can help you compare nutrient contents of packaged foods to make more healthful choices?

 

DVs

Which of the following groups of foods is not a major food group of MyPlate?

 

Oils

Which of the following organs is not an accessory organ of the digestive system?

Brain

What is the AI (Adequate Intake) for fiber for men and women under 50?

38 grams per day for men and 25 grams per day for women.

Why do most people fail to meet fiber recommendations?

Due to a lack of produce in the diet.

Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?

In the mouth with salivary amylase.

What happens to salivary amylase in the stomach?

It is inactivated by the stomach’s acid.

What are the main sites of carbohydrate digestion and absorption?

The small intestine, where enzymes like pancreatic amylase, maltase, sucrase, and lactase are involved.

What does the liver do in carbohydrate digestion?

The liver receives absorbed glucose, fructose, and galactose from the small intestine.

What happens to undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine?

Some soluble fiber and undigested carbohydrates are fermented.

What is the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation?

Insulin helps glucose enter cells, enhances the production of fat, glycogen, and protein, and decreases hunger.

How does glucagon affect blood glucose?

Glucagon raises blood glucose by promoting glycogen breakdown and the breakdown of triglycerides for energy.

What are ketone bodies and when are they produced?

Ketone bodies form during incomplete fat breakdown, especially during fasting, starvation, or low-carb diets.

What is ketoacidosis?

A condition caused by very high blood ketone levels, which can lead to acidic blood, unconsciousness, and death, particularly in poorly controlled type 1 diabetes.

What is the typical carbohydrate intake pattern in the American diet?

About 46% of total calories from carbohydrates, with 20.5% from sugars and 18% from added sugars.

What should the intake of added sugars be according to the Dietary Guidelines?

Less than 10% of total kilocalories.

What information can you find on a Nutrition Facts panel?

It includes information on total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, total sugars, and added sugars in a serving of food.

How can you increase your intake of healthy carbohydrates?

By substituting unhealthy options like sugar-sweetened drinks and cookies with water, whole grains, nuts, fresh fruit, and raw vegetables.

What health risks are associated with sugar-sweetened soft drinks?

They are linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.

What is diabetes mellitus?

A group of chronic diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism, with hyperglycemia as the primary sign.

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Type 1 is an autoimmune disease where the body stops making insulin, while type 2 involves insulin resistance in cells.

What is gestational diabetes?

A form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and can lead to complications for both the mother and baby.

What is hypoglycemia and how is it treated?

Hypoglycemia is abnormally low blood glucose, and it is treated by ingesting 15 grams of sugar.

What is lactose intolerance?

The inability to digest lactose due to a lack of lactase, leading to symptoms like cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea.

Is lactose intolerance the same as a milk allergy?

No, lactose intolerance is a digestive issue, while a milk allergy is an immune response.

Does sugar cause hyperactivity?

Despite popular belief, scientific studies do not indicate that sugar causes hyperactivity or behavioral issues in children.

What is the scientific study of cells and body structures?

Anatomy.

What is the scientific study of how cells and body structures function?

Physiology.

What is the smallest living functional unit in an organism?

Cell.

What are structures within cells that perform specialized functions?

Organelles.

What are mass cells with similar characteristics and functions called?

Tissues.

What type of tissue forms linings and coverings, like the skin?

Epithelial tissue.

What type of tissue holds together, protects, and supports organs, such as bone, fat, and blood?

Connective tissue.

What is a collection of tissues that perform in a related fashion?

Organ.

What is a group of organs that work together for a similar purpose?

Organ system.

What does the gastrointestinal (GI) tract do?

It is a muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus and absorbs nutrients.

What is the process of absorbing nutrients from the GI tract into the bloodstream or lymph called?

Absorption.

What begins digestion in the mouth?

Mechanical digestion (biting and grinding food) and chemical digestion (saliva with enzymes).

What is the enzyme that begins breaking down starch in the mouth?

Salivary amylase.

What enzyme in the mouth begins the breakdown of fats?

Salivary lipase.

What is the tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach?

Esophagus.

What prevents food from entering the trachea when swallowing?

The epiglottis.

What is the mass of chewed and swallowed food called?

Bolus.

What are muscular contractions that move food and beverages through the digestive tract?

Peristalsis.

What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter?

It constricts to close off the end of the esophagus, keeping food inside the stomach.

What are the key components of gastric juice?

Water, hydrochloric acid (HCl), and enzymes.

What is chyme?

A mixture of gastric juice and partially digested food.

What are the two types of digestion that occur in the stomach?

Mechanical digestion (churning of stomach walls) and chemical digestion (HCl and pepsin).

What is the function of mucus in the stomach?

It lubricates and protects the stomach walls.

What controls the rate of chyme’s release into the small intestine?

The pyloric sphincter.

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

What is segmentation in the small intestine?

The back-and-forth mixing of chyme to aid digestion and absorption.

What is the function of the liver in digestion?

It processes and stores nutrients, makes cholesterol, and produces bile.

What does the gallbladder store?

Bile, which aids in fat digestion.

What does the pancreas produce for digestion?

Bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes.

What are villi in the small intestine?

Tiny, fingerlike projections that aid in digestion and absorption.

What do absorptive cells in the small intestine do?

They remove nutrients from chyme and transfer them into the blood or lymph.

How are water-soluble nutrients absorbed in the small intestine?

They enter the capillaries of villi and travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.

How are fat-soluble nutrients absorbed in the small intestine?

They form chylomicrons, which enter the lacteals (lymphatic system).

What happens in the large intestine?

Minimal nutrient absorption occurs, and feces form as chyme becomes semisolid.

What is stored in the rectum?

Feces, which are stored until elimination.

What is gut microbiota?

The collection of microbes (mostly bacteria) in the large intestine that metabolize food, make vitamins, and produce gas.

What is intestinal dysbiosis?

An imbalance in gut microbiota that may cause inflammation and contribute to chronic diseases.

What are probiotics?

Live, beneficial gut microbes that may help treat or prevent certain intestinal disorders.

What are prebiotics?

Forms of dietary fiber that support the growth of beneficial gut microbes and “feed” probiotics.

What are the leading causes of death linked to poor eating habits?

Heart disease, some types of cancer, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.

What is an essential nutrient?

A nutrient that must be supplied by food, whose deficiency causes disease that can be corrected when the nutrient is added back to the diet.

What are macronutrients?

Nutrients needed in large amounts, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

What are micronutrients?

Nutrients needed in small amounts, including vitamins and minerals.

Why is variety important in a diet?

No single natural food contains all nutrients in the amounts needed by the body.

What are empty calories?

Energy supplied by solid fats, added sugars, and/or alcohol, with little nutritional value.

What is nutrient density?

Foods that contain more key beneficial nutrients in relation to their total calories.

What does moderation in diet mean?

Balancing calorie intake with expenditure while obtaining adequate nutrients.

Why are dietary supplements not substitutes for food?

Whole and minimally processed foods are the most natural, reliable sources of nutrients.

What is malnutrition?

A condition resulting from undernutrition or overnutrition, where nutrient intake is imbalanced.

What groups are at high risk of undernutrition in the U.S.?

Low-income individuals, those with anorexia nervosa, drug or alcohol addictions, hospitalized patients, and people with certain chronic conditions.

What are functional foods?

Foods made to boost nutrient intake, reduce disease risk, or manage specific health problems.

What units of measure are commonly used in nutrition?

Length in meters, weight in grams, and volume in liters.

What is a calorie?

A measure of food energy, with 1 kilocalorie (kcal) being the heat energy needed to raise 1 liter of water by 1°C.

What are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?

Energy and nutrient intake standards used as references for dietary recommendations.

What are the five major food groups?

Grains, dairy products, protein-rich foods, fruits, and vegetables.

What is the primary macronutrient in grains?

Carbohydrate, with some protein.

Why are whole grains recommended over refined grains?

They provide more fiber and micronutrients.

Which dairy products are included in the dairy group?

Milk and products made from milk that retain much of their calcium content, and some soy-based products.