AP Bio Unit 1

Carbohydrates

Organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Providing energy and structural support in living organisms.

Monosaccharides

the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar units like glucose and fructose, which serve as building blocks for more complex carbohydrates.

Disaccharides

When two monosaccharides are brought together.

Joined by a glycosidic linkage

Examples: maltose, sucrose, lactose

Glycosidic Linkage

the bond created when two monosaccharides are joined to create a disaccharide.

Polysacchararides

repeated units of monosaccharides. can consist of branched and unbranched strings of monosaccharides

Starch

store sugar in plants

Glycogen

store sugar in animals

Cellulose

made of ß-glucose molecules, structural support for plant cell walls

Chitin

a polymer of ß-glucose molecules, serves as structural molecule in the walls of fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods

Proteins

important for structure, function and regulation of tissues and organs. Also is formed when polypeptide chain twists on itself

Amino Acids

organic molecules that serve as building blocks of protein. Containing an amino group, carboxly group, Hydrogen and an R - Group

Carboxyl Group

COOH

Amino Group

NH₂

R Group

What differs in an amino acid, aka Side Chain.

Hydrophobic

non-polar and uncharged

Hydrophilic

Polar and un-charged

Ionic

polar and charged

Dipeptides

when two amino acids join, carboxyl of one + amino of another

Dehydration Synthesis

water molecule is lost, larger compound created

Hydrolysis

water breaks bond between monomers

Peptide bond

Bond between two amino acids

Polypeptide

Group of amino acids joined together like a “string”