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Theory
Systematic organization explaining relationships among phenomena
Hypothesis
Testable statement more focused than theories
Broken Windows Theory
Smashed window leads to more vandalism
Psychopathy
Lack of interest in others behavior
Statistics
Determining likelihood of results due to chance
Correlations
Number indicating relationship size and direction
Degrees of Freedom
Indication of sample size in statistics
Skinner Box
Tool for training behavior through reinforcement
Forensic Psychologist
Uses psychology to track criminals
Social Psychology
Applying psychological knowledge to social understanding
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Links cognition and behavior to treat distress
Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's pyramid of human needs
Trepanation
Historical therapy drilling holes in skulls
Nativism
Innate abilities without learning
Empiricism
Learning all abilities through experience
Introspection
Breaking sensory experiences into elements
Functionalism
Specialized brain functions theory
Phrenology
Personality judgment based on skull shape
Tabula Rasa
Locke's concept of blank slate at birth
Eugenics
Eliminating undesirable traits from a population
Robert Rosenthal
Social psychologist known for Pygmalion and Gollum effects
Pygmalion Effect
Expectations influence behavior positively
Gollum Effect
Expectations influence behavior negatively
Albert Bandura
Renowned psychologist, studied impact of violence on behavior
Norman Triplett Hypothesis
Performance is improved by the presence of others
Social Facilitation
Observers positively affect individual performance
Conformity
Tendency to align behavior with group norms
Informational Influence
Conforming to be correct
Normative Influence
Conforming to fit in or gain approval
Group Membership
Behavior norms internalized within a group
Asch Conformity Experiment
Demonstrated impact of group size on conformity
Obedience
Compliance to authority figures' orders
Authoritarian Personality
Developed in response to harsh parenting
Milgram Experiment
Studied obedience to authority figures
Stanford Prison Experiment
Study on causes of issues in prison environments
Cultural Psychology
Study of how culture influences behavior
Emic vs Etic
Cultural vs cross-cultural psychological perspectives
Correspondence Bias
Attributing behavior to internal traits over situational factors
Self-Serving Bias
Attributing personal success to internal factors
Indigenous Psychology
Locally relevant psychological knowledge within a culture
Universal Biases
Inherent biases in attributing causes to events
Stanford Prison Experiment Controversy
Study halted due to ethical concerns
Milgram Experiment Criticisms
Ethical concerns and lack of complete participant rights
Milgram Experiment Results
Majority of participants were glad to have participated
Depersonalisation
Switch to group-level self-categorization, seeing oneself as part of a group
Deindividuation
Loss of self-awareness in group settings
Conventionalism
Preference for maintaining traditional social relationships
Authoritarian submission
Belief in obeying legitimate authorities
Authoritarian aggression
Support for punishing those who disobey authority
Anti-intraception
Resistance to self-reflection or introspection
Superstition and stereotypy
Belief in superstitions and reliance on stereotypes
Power and 'toughness'
Emphasis on authority and strength
Destructiveness and cynicism
Tendency towards destructive behavior and cynicism
Projectivity
Tendency to project one's own traits onto others
The Right-Wing Authoritarian
Personality type valuing obedience to authority
Punitive socialism
Belief that punishment leads to social conformity
The authoritarian perspective
Belief in people getting what they deserve in life
Leon Festinger
Psychologist known for social influence research
Cognitive dissonance
Discomfort from conflicting thoughts, resolved by behavior change or justification
Ethics and integrity
Importance of moral principles in research and interactions
Little Albert
Subject in a classical conditioning experiment
Bioethical principals
Guiding principles in research ethics like autonomy and beneficence
Social facilitation
Improved performance in the presence of others
Social loafing
Reduced individual effort in group tasks
Prosociality
Behavior intended to benefit others
Bystander effect
Tendency for individuals to be less likely to help in a group
Diffusion of Responsibility
Tendency to feel less responsible to act when others are present
Audience inhibition
Self-consciousness due to the presence of others
Social Influence
Impact of others' actions on individual behavior
Pluralistic Ignorance
Misinterpretation of others' reactions leading to inaction
Factor analysis
Statistical tools to identify relationships among variables
Emotional exhaustion
State of depletion from excessive demands and stress
Depersonalization
Treating others as objects, negative shift in response
Reduced personal accomplishment
Negative response towards oneself and achievements
Physical health consequences
Hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, heart disease, etc.
Psychological health consequences
Insomnia, depressive symptoms, hospitalization for mental disorders
Professional fallout
Job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, disability pension
Trauma
Exposure to death, injury, or violence
Personality
Characteristic thoughts, feelings, behaviors distinguishing individuals
Physiognomy
Personality traits based on physical appearance
Sigmund Freud's topographic model
Levels of consciousness: conscious, preconscious, unconscious
Carl Jung
Collective unconscious, archetypes, extroversion
Gordon Allport
Identified 4000 adjectives to describe personality
Big Five (OCEAN Model)
Personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
DeYoung's findings
Linking personality traits to brain regions and tendencies
Personality over the lifespan
Stability and changes in personality traits over time