QIizlet test 1

Theory

Systematic organization explaining relationships among phenomena

Hypothesis

Testable statement more focused than theories

Broken Windows Theory

Smashed window leads to more vandalism

Psychopathy

Lack of interest in others behavior

Statistics

Determining likelihood of results due to chance

Correlations

Number indicating relationship size and direction

Degrees of Freedom

Indication of sample size in statistics

Skinner Box

Tool for training behavior through reinforcement

Forensic Psychologist

Uses psychology to track criminals

Social Psychology

Applying psychological knowledge to social understanding

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Links cognition and behavior to treat distress

Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs

Trepanation

Historical therapy drilling holes in skulls

Nativism

Innate abilities without learning

Empiricism

Learning all abilities through experience

Introspection

Breaking sensory experiences into elements

Functionalism

Specialized brain functions theory

Phrenology

Personality judgment based on skull shape

Tabula Rasa

Locke's concept of blank slate at birth

Eugenics

Eliminating undesirable traits from a population

Robert Rosenthal

Social psychologist known for Pygmalion and Gollum effects

Pygmalion Effect

Expectations influence behavior positively

Gollum Effect

Expectations influence behavior negatively

Albert Bandura

Renowned psychologist, studied impact of violence on behavior

Norman Triplett Hypothesis

Performance is improved by the presence of others

Social Facilitation

Observers positively affect individual performance

Conformity

Tendency to align behavior with group norms

Informational Influence

Conforming to be correct

Normative Influence

Conforming to fit in or gain approval

Group Membership

Behavior norms internalized within a group

Asch Conformity Experiment

Demonstrated impact of group size on conformity

Obedience

Compliance to authority figures' orders

Authoritarian Personality

Developed in response to harsh parenting

Milgram Experiment

Studied obedience to authority figures

Stanford Prison Experiment

Study on causes of issues in prison environments

Cultural Psychology

Study of how culture influences behavior

Emic vs Etic

Cultural vs cross-cultural psychological perspectives

Correspondence Bias

Attributing behavior to internal traits over situational factors

Self-Serving Bias

Attributing personal success to internal factors

Indigenous Psychology

Locally relevant psychological knowledge within a culture

Universal Biases

Inherent biases in attributing causes to events

Stanford Prison Experiment Controversy

Study halted due to ethical concerns

Milgram Experiment Criticisms

Ethical concerns and lack of complete participant rights

Milgram Experiment Results

Majority of participants were glad to have participated

Depersonalisation

Switch to group-level self-categorization, seeing oneself as part of a group

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness in group settings

Conventionalism

Preference for maintaining traditional social relationships

Authoritarian submission

Belief in obeying legitimate authorities

Authoritarian aggression

Support for punishing those who disobey authority

Anti-intraception

Resistance to self-reflection or introspection

Superstition and stereotypy

Belief in superstitions and reliance on stereotypes

Power and 'toughness'

Emphasis on authority and strength

Destructiveness and cynicism

Tendency towards destructive behavior and cynicism

Projectivity

Tendency to project one's own traits onto others

The Right-Wing Authoritarian

Personality type valuing obedience to authority

Punitive socialism

Belief that punishment leads to social conformity

The authoritarian perspective

Belief in people getting what they deserve in life

Leon Festinger

Psychologist known for social influence research

Cognitive dissonance

Discomfort from conflicting thoughts, resolved by behavior change or justification

Ethics and integrity

Importance of moral principles in research and interactions

Little Albert

Subject in a classical conditioning experiment

Bioethical principals

Guiding principles in research ethics like autonomy and beneficence

Social facilitation

Improved performance in the presence of others

Social loafing

Reduced individual effort in group tasks

Prosociality

Behavior intended to benefit others

Bystander effect

Tendency for individuals to be less likely to help in a group

Diffusion of Responsibility

Tendency to feel less responsible to act when others are present

Audience inhibition

Self-consciousness due to the presence of others

Social Influence

Impact of others' actions on individual behavior

Pluralistic Ignorance

Misinterpretation of others' reactions leading to inaction

Factor analysis

Statistical tools to identify relationships among variables

Emotional exhaustion

State of depletion from excessive demands and stress

Depersonalization

Treating others as objects, negative shift in response

Reduced personal accomplishment

Negative response towards oneself and achievements

Physical health consequences

Hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, heart disease, etc.

Psychological health consequences

Insomnia, depressive symptoms, hospitalization for mental disorders

Professional fallout

Job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, disability pension

Trauma

Exposure to death, injury, or violence

Personality

Characteristic thoughts, feelings, behaviors distinguishing individuals

Physiognomy

Personality traits based on physical appearance

Sigmund Freud's topographic model

Levels of consciousness: conscious, preconscious, unconscious

Carl Jung

Collective unconscious, archetypes, extroversion

Gordon Allport

Identified 4000 adjectives to describe personality

Big Five (OCEAN Model)

Personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

DeYoung's findings

Linking personality traits to brain regions and tendencies

Personality over the lifespan

Stability and changes in personality traits over time