Chapter 4: Learning, Memory, and Language

Neurotrophins

________: molecules that lead to growth in synapse and an increase in responsiveness when stimulated.

Procedural memory

________ requires processing by basal ganglia and cerebellum.

LTP

________ happens due to changes in the strength of synapses at contacts involving N- methyl- d- aspartate (NMDA) receptors.

Non declarative Implicit

________ /Procedural memory: the knowledge of how to do something.

Semantic memory

________: a form of declarative knowledge that includes general facts and data.

cerebral cortex

The ________ is important for long-term memory storage.

superior temporal lobes

Damage to the ________ ________ _____ in both hemispheres produces word deafness.

amygdala

The ________ plays an important role in the emotional aspect of memory.

left temporal lobe

Damage to the ________ can produce fluent aphasia.

speech output

In Wernicke's aphasia, ________ _______ is of normal fluency and speed but is riddled with errors in sound and word selection.

Declarative

________ /explicit memory: the ability to learn and consciously remember facts and events.

left posterior temporal lobe

The ________ has a sensory- motor circuit that may help with systems for speech recognition and production to communicate.

prefrontal cortex

The ________ interacts with a network of posterior cortical areas that encode, maintain, and retrieve types of information & where important events happened & more.

Memory

________ involves a persistent change in synapses.

medial temporal lobe area

The ________ serves a critical role in the initial processing and storage of these memories.

cAMP

________ activates enzymes that increase the number of synaptic receptors & the CREB.

multiple memory

The brain has ________ systems supported by different brain regions.

CAMP response element

________ binding protein (CREB): activates genes that direct protein synthesis.

Brocas aphasia

________: a syndrome in which.

inferior temporal lobes

The middle and ________ are involved with finding the meanings of words.

anterior temporal lobe

The ________ may be a participant in sentence-level comprehension.

FOXP2

The _______ gene codes for a protein that switches genes on and off in the brain.

prefrontal cortex support

Areas in the ________ executive functions like selection, rehearsal, and monitoring of information retrieved from long- term memory.

nonfluent aphasias

Damage to the left frontal lobe can produce _________ ________.

Memory

________ is stored in distributed collections of cortical processing systems also involved in perception, processing, and analysis of learned material.

prefrontal cortex

Working memory depends on the ________ & other cerebral cortical areas.

speech output

In Broca's aphasia, _______ ______ is slow and halting, requires effort, and often lacks complexity in word or sentence structure.

Declarative/explicit memory

The ability to learn and consciously remember facts and events.

Working memory

A temporary form of declarative memory.

Semantic memory

A form of declarative knowledge that includes general facts and data.

Episodic memories

Personal experiences that occurred at a particular place and time.

Non-declarative/Implicit/Procedural memory

The knowledge of how to do something.

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A long-lasting increase in strength of synaptic response following stimulation.

cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)

A protein that activates genes that direct protein synthesis.

Neurotrophins

Molecules that lead to growth in synapse and an increase in responsiveness when stimulated.

Aphasia

A language disorder.

Nonfluent aphasia

Aphasias where the individual loses the ability to produce speech or experiences great difficulty in producing speech.

Brocas aphasia

a syndrome in which

Fluent aphasia

Aphasias where the individual can still produce speech but that speech lacks any intelligible meaning.

Word deafness

The inability to comprehend speech on any level.