PHILO - Fallacies

Against the Person (AD HOMINEM)

when someone refutes an argument by attacking person making the argument

Strawman Argument

someone who attacks a position the opponent doesn't really hold

Appeal to Ignorance (ARGUMENTUM IGNORANTIAM)

assers that a proposition is ture because it has not yet been proven to be false

FALSE DILEMMA/FALSE DICHOTOMY

limiting the options to two when there are in fact more options to choose from

Slippery Slope

suggests unlikely outcomes when there's justs not enough evidence to think so

Argument in a Circle

repeating what they already assumed beforehand, and not arriving at any new conclusion

Hasty Generalization

drawing a conclusion based on a small sample size

Red Herring

a distraction from the argument typically with some sentiment that seems to be relevant but isn't really on-topic

You're another (TU QUOQUE)

refusing an argument by showing that the speaker himself is guilty of it

Casual/False Fallacy

any logical breakdown when identifying a cause

Fallacy of Sunk Costs

We are susceptible to this errant behaviour when we crave that sense of completion or accomplishment

Appeal to Authority (ARGUMENTUM AD VERECUNDIAM)

this happens when we misuse an authority

Equivocation

one meaning in one premise and another meaning in another premise

Appeal to Pity/Emotion (ARGUMENTUM AD MISERICORDIAM)

appeals to the compassion and emotional sensitivity of others when these factors are not strictly relevant to the argument

Bandwagon (ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM)

the fallacy of attempting to win popular assent to a conclusion by arousing the feeling and enthusiasm of the multitude

Appeal to Force (ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM)

when force, coercion, or even a threat, is used in place of a reason in an attempt to justify a conclusion

Inference

is a process whereby from the truth-value of the one or more propsoitions, we conclue to the truth-value of another propositon

Immediate Inferences

a type of inference that proceeds from one prosoition directly to another proposition

Mediate Inference

a type of inference that proceeds from two or more propositions to another which is implied in the given propositions

Material Element or the Matter of Inference

refers to the terms and propositions that are used

Formal Element or Form of the Inference

refers to the order of specific arrangement of the terms and propositions in the reference

Premises

inferences from which the conclusion is derived

Conclusion

the new truth that is attained which necessarily follows from the premises

Argumentative Discourse

a discourse which proves something (conclusion) on the basis of certain facts or propositions (premises)

Material Correctness

refers to the truth of the proposition

Formal Correctness

refers to the logical connection among the propositions such that one proposition (the conclusion) follows necessarily from the other propositions (premises)

Deductive Argument

proceeds from a more universal truth to a less universal truth

Inductive Argument

proceeds from a sufficient number of particular truths to auniversal truth

Categorical Syllogism

an argument which proceeds from statements concerning the relationship of two terms to a third term, to a conclusion

Moods

the different arrangements of each figure or the specific combination of the proposition that make up a syllogism

Fallacy

is an error in inferences that renders ana rgument invalid