Leadership and Management

At the center of the paradigm of which the aspiring nurse leader-manager is the:

goal

Around the goal are the various factors that will help in attaining the goal such as:

resources, theories and principles of leadership and management, management processes and functions, effective and efficient leadership

The paradigm is cyclical.

True

It is the desired aim or condition toward which one is willing to work

Goal

They are personal goals. They are usually based on one's desires in life.

Individual Goals

They may also refer to organization goals although on a smaller scale

Group Goals

They are management goals of of an organization that are established to justify its existence.

Organizational Goals

They refer to goals that can be achieved in a short period of time

Short-term goals

They require years before they can be achieved.

Long-term goals

It is a power process for thinking about the ideal future and for motivating oneself, the group, or the organization to turn this vision of the future into reality.

Goal Setting

By setting sharp, clearly defined goals, one can measure and take pride in the achievement of those goals.

True

A useful way of making goals more powerful is to use the _____ mnemonic.

SMARTER

SMARTER stands for:

Specific

Measurable

Attainable

Relevant

Time-bound

Efficient and Effective

Rewarding

They are like arrow directions because they remove the uncertainty in leading and managing.

Theories and Principles

The four function of management:

Planning, Organizing, Directing, Controlling

Leadership should be both efficient and effective.

True

Resources are referred to as the seven (7) M's which include:

Money

Men

Machines

Materials

Methods

Moment

Manager

It refers to a budget that would be allocated for an undertaking.

Money

It refers to the human resources that are needed to achieve the goal.

Men

They are devices that help the organization by either performing tasks faster or doing work that humans cannot.

Machines

They are physical resources used as inputs in any care process.

Materials

They refer to the body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.

Methods

It is a planned procedure intended to achieve a predetermined result.

Healthcare Method

A healthcare method usually consists of:

data gathering, controlled observation, and testing of new ideas

It also refers to time as a resource.

Moment

It is a fundamental quantity used for several purposes, such as sequential arrangement, comparison of different events, and measurement of motion of objects.

Time

It is the organization of tasks or events which begins with estimating how much time is needed for a task, and learning to adjust to unexpected events that may prevent or jeopardize its completion in order to complete the task in the appropriate amount of time.

Time Management

Examples of time management tools:

Calendars and Day Planners

It it the person responsible for planning and directing the work of individuals, monitoring their work, and taking corrective action when necessary.

Manager

The first step to becoming a really great manager:

use of common sense

They are able to inspire their followers or specifically their nursing staff to do things beyond their call of duty.

Leader

They are able to lift the staff's morale

Leader

They are able to motivate the nursing staff to think of a solution to an existing problem such as the high percentage of bed falls in a geriatric ward

Leader

A mark of a good nurse manager-leader is the ability to:

motivate, initiate, and innovate

It sets a new direction or vision for a group to follow:

Leadership

It is doing the right thing

Leadership

It is doing things right

Management

Both leadership and management are required for an efficient and effective organization.

True

They invariable end up doing a lot of administrative work

Managers

They get organizations and people to change

Leaders

It is a function that must be performed in any organization

Management

It is a relationship between leader and followers that can give life to an organization

Leadership

It is social influence or a person's ability to move other people to act

Leadership

It means being able to express one's feelings, to choose how one will act, to speak up for one's rights when its appropriate, to enhance one's self esteem, to help oneself develop self confidence, to disagree when one thinks it is important, to carry out plans for modifying one's behavior and asking others to change their offensive behavior

Being assertive

They defined leadership as "the privilege to have the responsibility to direct the actions of others at varying levels of authority and with accountability to both successful and failed endeavors"

Roberts

They defined leadership as "The process of influencing the activities of an organized group in its effort toward goal setting and goal achievement"

Stogdill

They defined leadership as "A means of persuasion and example by which an individual induces a group to take action in accord with a purpose common to everyone"

Gardner

They defined leadership as "A process by which one inspires others to work together for the achievement of a common mission and goal, a social transaction"

Merton

They defined leadership as "A vital ingredient which transforms a mere crowd into a functional and useful organization. It can be taught and that it is a transferable skill"

Adair

Is is who leaders are:

Values, motives, and personal traits

It is what leaders know:

Knowledge, skills and abilities

It is what leaders do:

Behaviors, habits, styles and competencies

Leadership is generally viewed as a dynamic interactive process that involves three dimensions:

Leader, Follower, Situation

Hersey and colleagues (2008) noted that the leadership process is a function includes five (5) interwoven aspects:

Leader, Follower, Situation, Communication Process, Goals

It is an interpersonal process of participation. It implies an engagement of the follower with the leader and possibly a group by which the follower takes guidance and direction from the leader to accomplish group goals.

Followership

The following types of followers are adapted from Kellerman, they can be:

Alienated, sheep, yes people, survivors, effective followers

They are independent and critical yet passive in their behavior resulting in psychological and emotional distance with their leaders. They are potentially disruptive and a threat to the health of the organization.

Alienated Followers

They are dependent and uncritical. They simply do as they are told by their leaders.

Sheep Followers

They are dependent or uncritical, but very active in their behavior. They uncritically reinforce the thinking and ideas of their leaders with enthusiasm, never questioning or challenging the leader's ideas or proposals. But, they are the most dangerous to a leader because they are most likely to give a false positive reaction and give no warning of potential pitfalls.

Yes People

They are the least disruptive and lowest-risk followers. They perpetually sample the wind. Their motto is "Better safe than sorry."

Survivors

They are self- leaders and do not require close supervision. They recognize that to be an effective leader, one needs good followers. Leaders cannot exist without good followers.

Effective Followers

Effective followers share four (4) essential qualities:

Self-management

Commitment

Competence and Focus

Courage

The core elements of nursing leadership are:

Vision, Influence, Power, Authority, Responsibility, Accountability

It provides direction to the influence process.

Vision

A vision should appear as a simple, yet vibrant image in the mind of the leader

True

A vision should describe a future state, credible and preferable to the present state,

True

A vision should act as a bridge between the current state and a future optimum state

True

A vision should appear desirable enough to energize followers

True

A vision should succeed in speaking to followers at an emotional or spiritual level (logical appeals by themselves seldom muster a following)

True

There are three (3) critical components involved in making that vision work:

1. The leader or the head of the organization

2. The members of the organization or staff

3. The environment in which they function or the community.

It is the ability to obtain followers and is a skill that can be developed, and is one of the major components of the power triangle which includes recognition and communication

Influence

It is at the apex of the power triangle

Communication

It is transmitted through the way the leader communicates to their followers

Power

It is a kind of influence where one sends direct messages to others and is able to stand up for her own rights without violating those of others.

Assertiveness

It is where an individual makes another feel important or good before making a request. The person acts humbly or is friendly before making a request.

Ingratiation

It is a type of influence that involves convincing someone of the merits of a detailed plan, which is usually supported by information, reasoning or logic.

Rationality

It is a hostile form of influence where an individual achieves the goal of influencing another person either with the threat of or the actual act of .cutting off from communication or interaction the other person intended to be influenced.

Blocking

It is a collective form of influence where a person gets several co-workers to "back her up" when making a request. The person is said to coalesce with other individuals to show a strong front or solidarity.

Coalition

It is a form of influence hinged on the promise of punishment in the case of non-cooperation and reward in case of acquiescence or cooperation. This is the kind of influence that is behavior based.

Sanction

It involves offering a favor or a personal sacrifice as an incentive for the performance of the request.

Exchange

It involves obtaining support from a higher-up to push someone into action. A nurse talks to the manager to make sure that other non-performing nurses would do their jobs in the nursing care unit.

Upward Appeal

The first level of leadership where people who stay at this level tend to concern themselves with territorial rights:

Position

The second level of leadership that is based on how well people know the leader.

Permission

The third level of leadership which is the level ot products and results.

Production

The fourth level of leadership where the leader is one who empowers others, because a leader's main responsibility is to develop others.

People Development

The fifth level of leadership where only a proven leader may arrive at this level and reap the rewards that are eternally satisfying.

Personhood

It is defined as the ability to efficiently and effectively exercise authority and control through personal, organizational and social strength.

Power

It is the capacity to influence others through the control over needed resources.

Organizational Power

The 5 sources of power:

expert, referent, legitimate, reward, coercive

It is bestowed upon a leader by a given position in the hierarchy of an organization. Such power is sanctioned by titles such as director of nursing and provides a leader with a mantle of authority given by the administration. This is both the most obvious and most important kind of power.

Legitimate Power

It is derived from the manager's ability to give rewards to her subordinates for compliance with her orders or requests. It refers to the degree to which the individual somehow compensate her subordinates through means such as benefits, time off, desired gifts, promotions or increases in pay or responsibility. This power is obvious but also ineffective if abused. People who abuse reward power can become pushy or reprimanded for being too forthcoming or 'moving things too quickly.'

Reward Power

It is based on the leader's ability to punish subordinates for non-compliance with his directives. It might refer to the ability | to withhold rewards or even create an untenable working situation for such subordinates.

Coercive Power

It is derived from special abilities or skills unique to the leader. It is the ability to influence others through the possession of knowledge or skills that are useful to them. This type of power is usually highly specific and limited to the particular area in which the expert is trained and qualified. The power associated with caring provided by nurses has been described as transformative and healing. Transformative and healing power contribute to the power of caring, which is central to the profession of nursing.

Expert Power

It is derived from being well-informed and up-to-date. It is through Information power that nurses are able to persuade others.

Information Power

It is based on relationships and connections and is also called networking.

Referent Power

It represents the right to expect or secure compliance; authority is backed by legitimacy

Authority

It is direct supervisory authority from superior to subordinate.

Line Authority

It is an unbroken line of reporting relationships that extends through the entire organization. The line defines the chain and the formal decision-making structure. It helps employees know to whom they are accountable, and whom to go to with a problem.

Chain of command

It states that each person in an organization should take orders from and reports to only one person. This helps prevent conflicting demands being placed on employees by more than one superior.

Unity of command

It refers to the number of employees that should be placed under the direction of one leader manager. Span Of control within effective organizations vary greatly. The actual number depends on the amount of complexity and the level of specialization- o

Span of control