US History exam 3

American System

the program of federally sponsored roads and canals, protective tariffs, and a national bank advocated by Henry Clay and enacted by President Adams

code of deference

the practice of showing respect for individuals who had distinguished themselves through accomplishments or birth

corrupt bargain

the term that Andrew Jackson’s supporters applied to John Quincy Adams’s 1824 election, which had occurred through the machinations of Henry Clay in the U.S. House of Representatives

Five Civilized Tribes

the five tribes—Cherokee, Seminole, Creek, Choctaw, and Chickasaw—who had most thoroughly adopted Anglo-American culture; they also happened to be the tribes that were believed to stand in the way of western settlement in the South

Kitchen Cabinet

a nickname for Andrew Jackson’s informal group of loyal advisers

log cabin campaign

the 1840 election, in which the Whigs painted William Henry Harrison as a man of the people

monster bank

the term Democratic opponents used to denounce the Second Bank of the United States as an emblem of special privilege and big government

nullification

the theory, advocated in response to the Tariff of 1828, that states could void federal law at their discretion

rotation in office

originally, simply the system of having term limits on political appointments; in the Jackson era, this came to mean the replacement of officials with party loyalists

second party system

the system in which the Democratic and Whig Parties were the two main political parties after the decline of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican Parties

spoils system

the political system of rewarding friends and supporters with political appointments

Tariff of Abominations

a federal tariff introduced in 1828 that placed a high duty on imported goods in order to help American manufacturers, which southerners viewed as unfair and harmful to their region

Trail of Tears

the route of the forced removal of the Cherokee and other tribes from the southeastern United States to the territory that is now Oklahoma

tyranny of the majority

Alexis de Tocqueville’s phrase warning of the dangers of American democracy

universal manhood suffrage

voting rights for all male adults

Whigs

a political party that emerged in the early 1830s to oppose what members saw as President Andrew Jackson’s abuses of power

Which group saw an expansion of their voting rights in the early nineteenth century?

non-property-owning men

What was the lasting impact of the Bucktail Republican Party in New York?

They elevated Martin Van Buren to the national political stage.

Who won the popular vote in the election of 1824?

Andrew Jackson

Why did Andrew Jackson and his supporters consider the election of John Quincy Adams to be a “corrupt bargain”?

Because Henry Clay used his major influence as Speaker of the House to secure the presidency for Adams, and Adams immediately appointed Clay as his Secretary of State.

Who stood to gain from the Tariff of Abominations, and who expected to lose by it?

Northern manufacturers stood to gain from the protection against foreign competition, while Southern planters expected to lose due to higher prices on imported goods and reduced British demand for Southern cotton.

What was the actual result of Jackson’s policy of “rotation in office”?

a replacement of Adams’s political loyalists with Jackson’s political loyalists

The election of 1828 brought in the first presidency of which political party?

the Democrats

What were the planks of Andrew Jackson’s campaign platform in 1828?

He campaigned as a champion of the common man, promising to dismantle the corrupt Washington elite, eliminate the national debt, protect states' rights, and implement rotation in office.

What was the significance of the Petticoat affair?

It divided Jackson's administration, led to the resignation of most of his cabinet, and resulted in Martin Van Buren rising in favor while Vice President John C. Calhoun fell out of favor.

South Carolina threatened to nullify which federal act?

the protective tariff on imported goods

How did President Jackson respond to Congress’s re-chartering of the Second Bank of the United States?

He vetoed it.

Why did the Second Bank of the United States make such an inviting target for President Jackson?

It symbolized special privilege, concentrated immense economic power in the hands of an unelected wealthy elite, and was viewed by the common people as anti-democratic and harmful to western interests.

What were the philosophies and policies of the new Whig Party?

The Whigs advocated for a strong central government, federal funding for internal improvements, protective tariffs, and the defense of the national bank, largely to oppose Andrew Jackson's expansion of executive power.

How did most whites in the United States view Indians in the 1820s?

as savages

The 1830 Indian Removal Act is best understood as ________.

an illustration of the widespread hatred of Indians during the Age of Jackson

What was the Trail of Tears?

The forced and deadly westward migration of the Cherokee Nation and other Southeastern tribes to designated Indian Territory in modern-day Oklahoma.

The winner of the 1840 election was ________.

a Whig

Which of the following did not characterize political changes in the 1830s?

increasing political power of free black voters

How did Alexis de Tocqueville react to his visit to the United States? What impressed and what worried him?

He was deeply impressed by the pervasive social equality and democratic spirit among white citizens, but he was deeply worried by the potential for the "tyranny of the majority" to suppress individuality and minority rights.