IST195 Practice Exam Introduction to Information Technology

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts from the IST195 lecture notes on Information Technology.

Digitalization

The process of incorporating digital technology into business processes.

First-party data

Data collected directly from users, such as newsletter signups.

Third-party data

Data purchased from external sources.

Misinformation

False information spread accidentally without intent to deceive.

Disinformation

Deliberately false information spread with intent to mislead.

Velocity

The speed at which data is generated and processed.

Data lake

A storage system that holds vast amounts of raw data in its native format.

Data warehouse

A system for reporting and data analysis, storing structured, processed data.

Semi-structured data

Data that contains both structured and unstructured components, such as email.

CSV

Comma Separated Values, a standard format for transferring data between systems.

GPU

Graphics Processing Unit, optimized for parallel processing tasks.

Moore's Law

The observation that the number of transistors on a chip doubles approximately every two years.

NPU

Neural Processing Unit, designed specifically for AI and machine learning tasks.

Input

The process of entering data into a computing system.

Processing

The manipulation of data to convert it into useful information.

Output

The results produced by a computing system.

Storage (in computing)

The retention of data for future use.

Mainframe

A large, powerful computer designed for high-volume transaction processing.

System on Chip (SoC)

A single chip that integrates multiple processing units and other components.

IBM 305 RAMAC

The first commercial computer system to include a hard disk drive.

RAM

Random Access Memory, providing temporary workspace for active processing.

Embedded operating system

An operating system designed for specialized devices with specific functions.

Predictive analytics

Using historical data to forecast future outcomes.

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

A type of AI that can perform any intellectual task that a human can.

RFID

Radio Frequency Identification, a technology for automatic identification using radio waves.

NFC

Near Field Communications, allowing secure data transfer over short distances.

IoT

Internet of Things, connecting everyday objects with sensors to share data online.

SaaS

Software as a Service, cloud-based software accessible via the internet.

BLE

Bluetooth Low Energy, a wireless technology that consumes minimal battery power.

2.4 GHz Wi-Fi

Frequency providing longer range but slower speeds compared to higher frequencies.

5 GHz Wi-Fi

Frequency offering medium range with faster speeds.

6 GHz Wi-Fi

Frequency providing the fastest speeds but the shortest range.

Blockchain

A distributed ledger technology where transactions are recorded in blocks.

Public key cryptography

Cryptography method using pairs of keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption.

Cybersecurity

The practice of protecting systems and networks from digital attacks.

Social media monitoring

Tracking quantitative metrics about social media engagement.

Social listening

Analyzing qualitative aspects of social media conversations.

Influencer

A person who aims to affect the purchasing decisions of others.

Content creator

A person who produces content without necessarily aiming to persuade.

Passive engagement

Interactions like hovering or viewing without active participation.

Data brokers

Companies that aggregate and sell consumer information from various sources.

Functions in Excel

Pre-built operations that perform calculations.

Formulas in Excel

Custom calculations created by users using operators and cell references.

Embedded OS

Operating systems designed to run on specialized devices like smart home devices.

Moore's Law

Predicts the growth of transistor density over time, doubling approximately every two years.

DeepSeek AI model

An AI model notable for achieving competitive results at a low cost.

Project Maven

A Department of Defense initiative using AI for analysis of intelligence data.

CHIPS Act

Legislation aimed at boosting domestic semiconductor manufacturing.

Passive RFID tag

An RFID tag that operates by drawing power from the reader's signal.

Smart devices

Devices equipped with internet connectivity and the ability to communicate data.

Public key encryption

A method to secure data by using a pair of keys for encryption and decryption.

Symmetric encryption

Encryption where the same key is used for both encryption and decryption.

Gordon Moore

Co-founder of Intel, known for Moore's Law.

Satya Nadella

Current CEO of Microsoft.

Sundar Pichai

CEO of Google and Alphabet.

GMAIL

Email service associated with Google.

Netflix

Streaming service providing movies and television shows.

AWS (Amazon Web Services)

Cloud computing platform offering various services including databases.

Cloud-based software

Software without the need for local installation, accessed online.

Turing Test

A test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human.

Transistor

An electronic component used to amplify or switch electronic signals.

Database

A structured set of data held in a computer.

Data visualization

The graphical representation of information and data.

User experience (UX)

The overall experience of a person using a product, especially in terms of how pleasant or efficient it is.

Digital transformation

The integration of digital technology into all areas of a business.

Business process management

A discipline involving the modeling, analysis, and improvement of business processes.

Computer security

Protection of computer systems from theft or damage to their hardware, software, or data.

Software development life cycle (SDLC)

A process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying software.

API (Application Programming Interface)

A set of rules that allow different software entities to communicate with each other.

Virtualization

Creating a simulated version of a computing resource rather than a physical one.

Big Data

Large and complex datasets that are difficult to process using traditional methods.

Data mining

The process of discovering patterns in large datasets.

Machine Learning (ML)

A subset of AI that uses statistical techniques to enable machines to improve with experience.

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

A branch of AI that helps computers understand, interpret, and manipulate human language.

Augmented reality (AR)

An interactive experience where real-world environments are enhanced by computer-generated information.

Virtual reality (VR)

A simulated experience that can be similar to or completely different from the real world.

Information technology (IT)

The use of systems (especially computers and telecommunications) for storing, retrieving, and sending information.

Cybersecurity framework

A set of industry standards and best practices to help organizations manage cybersecurity risks.

Data privacy

The practice of protecting personal information and ensuring it is used appropriately.

Data governance

The management of data availability, usability, integrity, and security in an organization.

Digital asset management

The process of ingesting, organizing, and distributing digital assets.

E-commerce

Buying and selling goods or services using the internet.

Cloud computing

On-demand delivery of computing services over the internet on a pay-as-you-go basis.

Phishing

A method of trying to gather personal information using deceptive e-mails and websites.

Malware

Malicious software designed to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise computer systems.

Ransomware

A type of malware that threatens to publish the victim's data or block access unless a ransom is paid.

Digital footprint

The trail of data you leave behind when using the internet.