Intro to Healthcare - Test 1

health

a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease

Physical Health

state of the body and its ability to do daily activities

• fitness, nutrition, sleep

mental health

emotional, psychological, and social well-bing, Affects how individuals think feel and act

• how we act, handle stress, and relate to others

social health

ability to form personal relationships with others and adapt to social situations.

• communication, empathy, managing conflict

the interplay between dimensions of health

the dynamic, continuous process where changes, actions, or conditions in one area of wellbeing directly influence and shape outcomes in another.

• physical -] social

• social -] mental

cause and effect relationships

wellness

the active processing of becoming aware of and making choices toward a healthy life

• process of achieving ones full potential

dimensions of wellness

together contribute to overall wellbeing

intellectual dimension

creative, stimulation mental activites

occupational dimension

personal satisfaction and enrichment in ones life through work

spiritual dimension

search for meaning and purpose in existence

social dimension

contributing to ones environment and community

emotional dimension

awareness and acceptance of ones feelings

physical dimension

the need for regular physical activity, diet, and not using tobacco and drug products.

applying the wellness model

• how do I contribute to the environment and community?

• how can I build better living spaces?

• How will I develop belief systems?

• How can I seek medical attention?

• Ho can I enrich my life through my work?

Characteristics of wellness

• balance

• purpose

• flexibility

• resilience

illness

subjective experience of symptoms, includes emotional and psychological aspects

• an individuals personal response to being unwell

disease

objective, pathological changes in the body, diagnosable and measurable

• caused by infections, genetic mutations, environmental factors or lifestyle

sickness

social role and response to illness, involves cultural perceptions

• how society expects one to behave when ill

Shalom

Hebrew word meaning peace, harmony, wholeness and completeness, and tranquility

• important to keep mind, body, and spirit balanced.

What are the 5 major forces that influenced healthcare?

Christian Church, war, industrialization, educational training systems, and scientific development.

How did the Christian Church influence healthcare?

It created motives for caring for the sick, supported deacons and deaconesses, established monasteries and convents, and owned hospitals.

How did monasteries and convents influence healthcare?

They provided places where care for the sick could be given.

How did the Christian Church contribute to hospitals?

the church owned hospitals

How did war influence healthcare?

War led to advances in battlefield treatment and growth of the healthcare workforce and training.

What were some advances in battlefield treatment?

Sanitation, penicillin, and blood transfusions.

What were the two periods of industrialization listed in the notes?

1st industrialization: 1760–1830; 2nd industrialization: 1870–1914.

How did industrialization change society?

Society shifted from rural, familial craftsman work to urban employment.

How did industrialization affect hospitals?

Hospitals moved from physicians' homes into dedicated buildings.

When did formal healthcare training begin?

Formal training began in the 1700s and 1800s and eventually became a requirement and New healthcare specialties were developed.

What are some examples of scientific developments that influenced healthcare?

Mendel's genetic discoveries, Lister's germ theory, Fleming's discovery of penicillin, development of the heart-lung bypass, and development of the pacemaker.

What were early U.S. physicians like?

They could come from any occupation, did not need formal training, relied on "common sense," and often came to patients' homes. No formal training was required. they relied on "Common sense." They treated patients in their homes and there was not health insurance for patients.

What were the main goals of the American Medial Association?

• The private practice concept.

• It worked to protect providers' interests.

What was the Flexner Report?

A 1910 report that reviewed medical schools and their training and testing.

• published in 1910.

• It reviewed medical schools with an emphasis on training and testing.

What are the Three P's of the healthcare industry?

Providers, Producers, and Payers.

What are healthcare providers?

Organizations, services, and people that provide care to patients.

• examples of healthcare providers… Clinics, nursing homes, hospitals, and rehabilitation facilities.

What are healthcare producers?

Organizations, services, and people that produce healthcare-related products and services.

• examples of healthcare producers… Biomedical equipment companies, pharmaceutical companies, and research facilities.

What are healthcare payers?

Organizations that pay for or finance healthcare services.

• examples of healthcare payers… Insurance companies and government organizations.

What are provider services?

Wellness and illness care, health education, public health services, and illness prevention.

What are producer services/products?

Biomedical devices, biotechnology, durable medical equipment, and medical supplies.

What are payer services?

Insurance plans, case management, wellness initiatives, and pharmacy benefits.

What is a non-clinical healthcare service?

A service not directly involved in patient care, observation, diagnosis, or treatment. examples include Finance, billing, research, and sales.

What is a clinical healthcare service?

A service relating directly to the patient's care, disease, observation, or treatment. examples include of clinical services Direct patient care, laboratory services, and case management.

What is a public nonprofit healthcare organization?

An organization financed and operated by federal, state, or local government.

What is a private for-profit healthcare organization?

An organization owned and operated by proprietary groups to make a profit for owners.

What is a private nonprofit healthcare organization?

An organization that reinvests profits into services and structures.

What is vertical integration?

Ownership and/or coordination of activities across organizations within one sector of the healthcare system.

What is horizontal integration?

Ownership and/or coordination of activities across organizations that provide services across two or more healthcare sectors.

Why is the healthcare industry considered huge?

It is the second-largest business in the U.S. and includes many organizations and workers.

• More than 2,000 public health departments in the US.

• What is United Health group is a major insurance company and one of the largest insurance companies in the world.

What is the #1 cause of death in the U.S.?

Chronic health diseases.

What are the 4 health risk behaviors listed in the notes?

Lack of physical activity, poor nutrition, tobacco use, and alcohol use.

Why are health risk behaviors important?

They can contribute to chronic illness, and individuals can control these choices.

What are social determinants of health?

Conditions in the environment where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect health outcomes.

• Education, income, community wealth, mobility, and housing.

What does "health as a right" mean?

Everyone should have access to healthcare because health is a fundamental human right and is essential for well-being and dignity.

What are the benefits of viewing health as a right?

Promotes equity and justice, supports human dignity, reduces health disparities, and cares for vulnerable populations.

What does "health as a commodity" mean?

Healthcare is treated as a marketable good where services are bought and sold.

• Supply and demand, reliance on the ability to pay, and greater individual choice.

What is a major concern with health as a commodity?

Access depends on the ability to pay, which can lead to inequality and health disparities.

What are the benefits of health as a commodity?

it can drive innovation and efficiency, encourage competition, allow choice and customization, and potentially reduce government involvement.

What are the 4 pros of health as a right listed in the notes? .

Universal access, promotes equity/reduces disparities, better outcomes, and potentially reduces overall costs through prevention

What are the 4 cons of health as a right listed in the notes? I

increased government spending, longer wait times, risk of decreased innovation, and possible higher taxes.

What are the 4 pros of health as a commodity listed in the notes?

Drives innovation and efficiency, encourages competition, allows choice/customization, and may reduce government involvement.

What are the 4 cons of health as a commodity listed in the notes?

Access depends on ability to pay, increases health disparities, higher costs can lead to medical bankruptcy, and risk of excluding vulnerable populations.

What are societal-level strategies for health promotion?

Public health and environmental health strategies.

What are examples of public health strategies?

Surveillance, health education, infection/disease control, vaccination, and disaster preparedness.

What are examples of environmental health strategies?

Sanitation/hygiene, pollution control, food/drug safety, housing/urban planning, and occupational health.

What is the ICD?

A system used by physicians to classify and code diagnoses, symptoms, and procedures for claims processing.

What is the DSM?

A handbook used by healthcare providers as a guide to diagnosing mental disorders.

What is the main idea behind individual and societal collaboration for health?

Individuals play a critical role in maintaining their health, but society should also help promote health and prevent disease.

health promotion

the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health.

• targets healthy populations

• moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions

disease prevention

the process of attempting to stop, eliminate or postpone the emergence or development of those internal processes and states that typically cause ill or of future illness and premature death

• disease prevention strategies mostly focus narrowly on specific diseases

diagnosis and treatment

the process of identifying, reducing symptoms and curing illness

• provided in the ambulatory care or hospital

• involves the use of technologies. the increase in HC costs is related to the use of new complex tech

rehabilitation

the restoration of a person to normal or near normal function after a physical or mental illness.

• provided in many settings like homes hospitals and clinics

the triple aim

aim one: improving the health of populations

aim two: improving the patient experience of care

aim three: reducing the per capita cost of healthcare