AP hug unit 2 all the notes

Population distribution

spaitial patterns ( clustered/dispersed)

population density

actual number of people in the area

ecumene

where people decide to settle/areas of permanent human settlement on the earth

two main factors that affect population distribution

Physical factors(climate, landforms, and bodies of water) and human factors (culture, economics, history, and politics)

Arithmetic density

Total population divided by total area shows how many people in an area

High arithmetic density can cause

clustered regions strain on resources and housing shortages

physiological density

Total population divided by arable land shows pressure on farmland

High physiological density

Pressure on food supply can lead to food shortages

agricultural density

Number of farmers divided by arable land insight on how they were intensive farming is

High agricultural density

shows a less developed region because of less machinery and more manual farming

consequences of population distribution

economic effects(more supply and demand for goods) social effects(hospitals and schools as nodes) environmental effects(pollution) and political effects(redistricting)

population composition

make up of ages and sexes in a population

Youth dependents/cohorts

0-14

elderly dependent/cohorts

65+

larger pyramid base

Less developed country, more children, and population increase

anti-natalist example

china's one child policy

Pronatalist example

South Korean baby bonuses

Japan extensive parental leave

High dependency ratio

More tension on workforce

High youth dependency ratio

Need for schools risk of child labor

High elderly dependency ratio

Need for senior housing and pensions (retirement fund)

crude birth rate or CBR

Number of live births per 1000 people (males and females) helps determine rate of natural increase

total fertility rate or TFR

average number of children born to a woman in childbearing age this reflects cultural, cultural norms

crude death rate or CDR

More accurate than CBR and is the number of deaths per 1000 people in a year

infant mortality rate or IMR

Number of children's deaths before age of one year

natural increase rate or NIR

Percent of rate countries population is increasing or declining without counting migration is CBR minus CDR divided by 10 measured in percent

NIR less than 1%

Developed country

NI are greater than 1%

Less developed country

population doubling time

Number of years it takes for the population to double

Life expectancy

Average number of years people live

stage one of DTM (high stationary)

High birth rate (children, dying, young) and high death rate ( disease, famine, poor healthcare)

DTM one rate a natural increase

Very low CBR and CDR both high= cancel each each other out

One DTM age

Under 45 years

1DTM total fertility rate

6.5+

One DTM type of economy

Farming pre-industrial

stage two of DTM(early expanding)

Hyper rate rapidly declining, death rate (better medical care, water, and sanitation)

2DTMNIR

very rapid growth, CBR high CDR falls

DTM2 life expectancy

44 to 55

DTM two TFR

Five to 6.5

DTM 2 economy

majority farming with early industry

stage 3DTM late expanding

Rapidly declining birth rate (urbanization) declining death rate (better medical care)

Three DTM NIR

slow growth, RNI slows as CBR and CDR fall

three DTM life expectancy

55-65

three DTM TFR

3.5-5

three DTM economy

That makes a farming and industry

stage four DTM low stationary

Low birth rate(, education for woman delayed marriages, family, planning) and low death rate (good healthcare, reliable food, healthier citizens)

4 DTM NIR

very low growth CBR and CDR are both low population Growth is low too

4 DTM

Life expectancy

65-75

4 DTM TFR

2-3.5

4 DTM Economy

Fully industrial few farmers service industry

stage 5 DTM declining

Low birth rate falls below death rate low death rate can get higher due to aging population

5 DTM NIR

decreasing growth CBR falls below CDR due to an older population

5 DTM life expectancy

75+

5 DTM TFR

less than 2

5 DTM economy

Service industry and mass consumers

1 DTM country’s

none

2 dtm country’s

Mali , Yemen subs Saharan, Africa, and Guatemala

3 dtm country’s

Turkey, Indonesia, Mexico, India, South Africa, and Colombia

4 dtm country’s

USA, China, Brazil, Canada, Korea, Argentina, and most of Europe

5 dtm country’s

Germany, Japan, Greece, and Portugal

1 dtm epidemiology

animal attacks, famine, parasitic infections/disease diseases, human conflicts and natural disasters

2 dtm epidemiology

improve sanitation, nutrition, medicine reduce the amount of pandemics and infection diseases

3 dtm epidemiology

A decrease in infectious disease diseases, but diseases due to aging/heart disease and cancer

4 dtm epidemiology

disease is like Alzheimer and dementia increase as well as heart, disease and cancer because of aging population

5 dtm epidemiology

infectious disease, diseases, and parasites come back because of immunity to antibiotics and vaccines

stage?

1

stage?

2

stage?

3

stage?

4

stage?

5

Malthusian theory states

Food production will increase automatically while the population would grow exponentially people will soon exceed the carrying capacity of earth which will lead to over population

bosurup theory states

population gross is beneficial because the more people the more people to feed which means the more people to work the threat of over the population causes more initiative to create agriculture innovations

more developed country

Lower TFR and lower maternal mortality rate

economic reasons for lower TFR

Machines and farming, urban migration

social reasons for lower TFR

Education and family planning

political reasons for lower TFR

Child, labor laws, anti, needless policies, and family planning

longer life is due to

better health care clean, water, sanitation, less bad habits, like smoking and eating healthy

political consequences of an aging population

Low income, and which means they have different political views and retirees, often vote a lot

social consequences of an aging population

Less families living together, which means more costs overall

voluntary migration

Search a better opportunities because you want to move

Force migration

You have to move due to persecution, etc.

short term, migration

staying in receiving country for less than a year

long-term migration

Staying in receiving country for more than a year

internal migration

Within one country

International migration

Across country borders

interregional migration

with insane region in in one country

chain migration

Following friends or family to a destination country

net migration

Difference between number of immigrants and emigrants

net out migration

number of emigrants is higher than immigrants

net in immigration

number of emigrants is less than immigrants

emigrant

Person leaving their home country to settle us elsewhere e=exit

immigrant

Person arriving to a country to live there i=in

Ravenstein's laws of migration

one migration is usually in short distance to urban areas attract long distance and rural immigration. Three most migration is due to economic factors for young single adult. Males are more likely to migrate or often five migration occur occurs in steps/step migration six every immigration generates counter, immigration, or return immigration

intervening obstacle in migration

Barrier that prevents immigrants removing on economic, not enough money, social find somebody to live with political anti-immigration laws, environmental seas rivers mountains

intervening opportunity in migration

Opportunity that makes immigrants stop moving voluntarily

refugee

Force migrants who cross international borders for safety

asylum

refugees can ask for this if going back to home country would risk their lives

IDP internally displaced person

goes to other part of same country for safety

transhumance

Nomads moving with their animals to better pastures

remittances

Sending money back to family and origin country