bio unit 5

mycorrhizal

association between fungi & plant roots

saprophyte

fungi that make living by digesting dead plant material

carbon cycle

fixation of carbon by land plants & release CO2 from cellular respiration

fungi benefits

antibiotics (penicillin), yeast, mushrooms

single celled fungi

yeast

multicellular fungi

mycelia

hyphae

filaments that make up mycelium, haploid or heterokaryotic

dikaryotic

2 haploid nuclei, genetically different in same cell unique to fungi

septa

cross walls that separate filaments

pores

gaps in septa that let materials flow between compartments

coenocytic

lack septa

why plants dry out

branching network of thin hyphae, highest surface volume ratio, makes absorption very difficult

heterokaryotic

containing several haploid nuclei from different parents

4 distinctive types of fungi reproductive structure

swimming gametes and spores, zygosporangia, basidia, asci

chytrids

produce chytrid like motile gametes or spores, paraphyletic

zygomycetes

have zygosporangia that form when hyphae cells yolk together, paraphyletic

basidiomycota

club fungi, dikarytoic, make pedestal like basidium, pedestal structures where meiosis and production of spores takes place, monophyletic, karyogamy before plasmogamy

ascomycota

makes ascus sacs where meiosis take place and spores form (8 spores), monophyletic

evidence for human & fungi relationship

1. DNA sequence data

2. both synthesize chitin (synapomorphy)

3. chitrid & animal flagella has similar structure and function

4. both stores glucose as glycogen

mutualism

benefits both

parasitic

one benefits at expense of other

commensal

one benefits, one unaffected

types of mutualism

ectomycorrhizal & arbuscular mycorrhizal

Ectomycorrhizal fungi

form hyphae networks that covers plant root, release petidase cleave proteins, provide N & P ions to host plant, recieves sugar, most part of basidiomycetes

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi

grows into cells of root, increase surface area for exchange of molecules between fungi & host, only transport P ions to host (most important function), important in soil formation, also receives sugars

glomalin

glycoprotein that help bind organic compounds to sand or clay, enriches organic matter in soil

lignin peroxidase

enzyme fungi use to break down lignin

cellulase

enzyme that breaks down beta linkages between glucose molecules

plasmogamy

fusion of cells or cytoplasm

karyogamy

fusion of nuclei

steps of fungi fertilization

1. plasmogamy

2. karyogamy

heterokaryotic

when nuclei remain independent in mycelium

multicellularity, heterotrophy (ingests food), move under their own power

3 traits animals share

why we study animals

• morphologically diverse

• occupy high levels on food chain, have impacts on others

• people dependent on them for food & transportation

• disease transportation

• closest relatives to understand ourselves

4 aspects of body plan of animals

1. number of embryonic tissue layers

2. body symmetry , cephalization

3. presence/absence of fluid filled body cavity

4. earliest events of embryo development, how they proceed

cephalization

formation of head region

epithelium

layer of tightly joined cells cover body surface

diploblast

2 types of tissues/germ layers, ectoderm & endoderm

triploblast

3 types of tissues/germ layers, ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

ectoderm

outside skin, produces skin & nervous system

endoderm

inside skin, produces lining of digestive tract

mesoderm

middle skin, produces bones and most organs

radial symmetry

multiple planes that divide animals in halves

bilateral symmetry

one symmetrical plane, only left and right

nerve net

network of neurons that conducts impulses in all directions from a point of stimulus

centralized nervous system

complex of nerve tissues that controls activities of the body, organized into tracts, cords, and ganglia

cephalization

development of head region with structures of feeding, sensing environment, and processing information

cerebral ganglion

concentration of neurons in the head, responsible for sending and receiving information to and from body

coleom

enclosed fluid filled body cavity, provides space for organs, shock absorber, made movement in organism more efficient

acoelomates

triploblasts with out coleoms

pseudocoelomates and eucoelomates

triploblasts with coleoms

aceolomates

no enclosed body cavity, cilia on bottom, secrete mucus to move

eucoelomates

enclosed body cavity, completely lined with mesoderm, derive from mesoderm

pseduocoelomates

body cavity derived from blastocoel rather than mesoderm, gut not lined with mesoderm

choanoflagellates

group of protists that are closest living relative to animals

choanocytes

cells used by sponges to feed

porifera (sponges)

• made up of tubes & pores, create water channels

• can have radial symmetry or no symmetry

• have specialized cells but no tissues

• contain spicules for support

• asexual and sexual reproduction

spicule

spikes of silica or CaCO3 for structural support of sponges

suspension feeders

used by sponges to capture food particles suspended in water

ostia

pores in the sponges body, where water flows in

spongocoel

central cavity of the sponge

osculum

excretory opening in sponge, where water flows out

asconoid

simplest sponge, tubular shape, draws water through channels in wall into spongocoel

syconoids

tubular like asconoids, body wall is folded, radial canals, higher surface to volume ratio

leuconoids

bath sponges, most complex morphology, lots of orbits of cells

gemmules

asexual buds produced by ameobocytes

protostomes

mouth develops before the anus, triploblast, worm-like bodies, 3 tissues (ecto, endo, meso)

deuterostomes

anus develops before the mouth

bilateria

deuterostomes & protostomes

gastrulation

rearrangement of embryo, one end folds inward, expands, and fills blastocoel producing embryonic tissues: ectoderm & endoderm

gastrula

embryo at stage after blastula, has 3 distinct cell layers

blastula

hollow ball of cells, cells on outside form ectoderm, cells on inside form endoderm

archenteron

pouch formed inside blastula

cleavage (protostome)

cleavage is spiral & determinate

determinate fate

cells have been assigned a job, if one cells dies then the animal will lose that ability for good

cleavage (deuterostome)

cleavage is radial & indeterminate

spiral cleavage

planes of cell division are diagonal to axis of animal, rotate and divide along axis of symmetry, cells do not align

radial cleavage

cleavage planes are vertical or perpendicular to axis of egg, cells align

shizcoely

solid masses of mesoderm split to form coelomic cavity (protostome)

enterocoely

coelom forms from buds in wall of forming gut, folds in archenteron (deuterostome)

blastopore

indentation in the blastula that leads to the formation of the gut during gastrulation

cnidaria

made up of Medusozoa, & Anthozoa, diploblasts, radial symmetry, gastrovascular cavity, contain cnidocytes, single opening that is mouth/anus, life cycle that includes polyp & medusa forms

gastrovascular cavity

central digestive compartment, digests food & distributes nutrients

cnidocytes

stinging cells

mesoglea

gelatinous layer b/w ecto & endoderm in cnidarians, provides structural support

polyp

cylindrical, adhere to substrate by aboral end

medusae

flattened & mouth down, move by contracting bodies

gastrodermis

contains food vacuoles that complete digestion

penetrants

nematocyst that penetrates prey and injects a toxin to kill/paralyze prey

volvent

nematocyst that uses long thread to wrap & entangle prey

glutinants

nematocysts that have glue to stick to prey

hydra

cnidaria that exists only in polyp form, reproduce by budding,(outgrowths of parent that can live independently) reproduce sexually & asexually

scyphozoans

jellies that have medusae as the prevalent form of life cycle,

cubozoans

includes box jellies & sea wasps, complex eyes, medusa

anthozoans

group of cnidarians that includes sea anemones & coral

corals

live in solitary or colonial forms, secrete hard external skeleton of CaCO3, reefs provide habitat for many organisms.

1. DNA sequences are very similar

2. both synthesize chitin

3. flagella structure is very similar

4. both store glucose as glycogen

reasons why fungi are more related to animals

lophotrochozoa

major protostome group, grows by extending size of skeletons or shells (mollusks & annelids), monophyletic

Ecdysozoa

major protostome group, grow by shedding external skeleton (arthropods & nematodes), monophyletic

vertebrates

animals with skulls & usually backbones, monophyletic