Fundamentals of human nutrition

test 2

Pellagra

Results from a deficiency of niacin (Vitamin B3).

Alpha-tocopherol

The most potent form of vitamin E.

Free radical damage not linked to osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is not associated with free radical damage.

Vitamin B12

Essential for the proper functioning of red blood cells.

Riboflavin sources

Good sources include dairy products, eggs, lean meats, and green vegetables.

Beta-carotene RDA/AI

There is neither an RDA nor an AI for beta-carotene.

Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

A compound derived from thiamin (Vitamin B1) that activates enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism.

Goiter

Can result from iodine deficiency.

Vitamin A conversion from beta-carotene

12 micrograms of beta-carotene equals 1 microgram of retinol activity equivalent (RAE).

Vitamin C

Enhances iron absorption.

Riboflavin

Micronutrient destroyed by exposure to light.

Folate sources

Excellent sources include leafy green vegetables, legumes, and fortified grains.

Niacin toxicity symptom

Primary symptom is flushing of the skin.

Folate role in embryonic development

Not a key role of folate is bone mineralization.

Thiamin function

Necessary for energy production, particularly in carbohydrate metabolism.

Chromium

Assists in the transport of glucose into cells.

Folate in the American diet

Primary sources are fortified grains and cereals.

Vitamin E storage

About 90% is stored in adipose (fat) tissue.

Beriberi

Condition associated with fatigue, muscle wasting, reduced cognitive function, and paralysis due to thiamin deficiency.

Free radicals

Unstable atoms that can damage cells, leading to oxidative stress.

Fluid rehydration after exercise

Bert should drink 2-3 cups (16-24 ounces) of fluid per pound lost.

Reducing sodium intake

Advice includes choosing fresh or frozen vegetables instead of canned, and avoiding processed foods high in sodium.

Chloride function

Not a function is acting as a primary energy source.

Hypernatremia

Condition characterized by very high blood sodium levels.

Fluid

Substance that moves freely and adapts to the shape of its container.

Infants dehydration risk

Higher risk due to higher body water content, higher metabolic rate, and greater fluid losses.

Sodium and potassium

Do not have in common that sodium is primarily outside cells, while potassium is primarily inside cells.

Hyperkalemia

Condition characterized by dangerously high potassium levels in the blood.

Greatest risk for hyperkalemia

Individual with kidney disease or failure.

Interstitial fluid

Fluid that flows between cells of tissues and organs.

GI flora

Beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract.

Potassium's association

Diets rich in potassium are associated with maintaining healthy blood pressure levels.

Lean young man

Individual likely to have the highest percentage of body water.

Sweating purpose

Primary reason is to cool the body (regulate body temperature).

Kidneys excretion

Most water is lost daily via the kidneys (urine).

EPA

U.S. agency that sets and monitors standards for city water systems.

Diuretic

A substance that increases fluid loss via urine.

Ian's dehydrated condition

NOT associated with excess body water.

Electrolytes for nerve response

Sodium and potassium are most important for enabling nerves to respond to stimuli.

Thirst mechanism stimulation

Stimulated by high blood solute concentration or low blood volume.

Protein role as buffer

When a protein attracts or releases hydrogen, it acts as a buffer.

High-protein diet risks

High-protein diets can strain the kidneys and increase the risk of kidney stones in some individuals.

Vegan diet deficiency

Nutrient most likely deficient is vitamin B12.

Protein digestion enzymes

Enzymes that digest proteins in the small intestine include trypsin and chymotrypsin.

Amino acid synthesis

Most proteins in the body are synthesized from 20 amino acids.

Distinguishing amino acid part

Part of an amino acid that distinguishes it from others is the side chain (R group).

Protein major function

Not a major function is providing a primary energy source.

Antibodies

Proteins critical to the body’s defense against bacteria and viruses.

Ribosome role

Cell structure where amino acids are assembled into proteins.

Transcription process

Process where mRNA copies genetic information from DNA before carrying it to the ribosome.

Willa's vegan diet

Follows a vegan diet eating only plant-based foods (no animal products).

Sheldon’s diet type

Diet is flexitarian or semi-vegetarian, mostly plant-based with occasional animal products.

Protein conservation

To conserve body protein for vital functions, consume enough calories from carbohydrates and fats.

Sodium predominant location

Positively charged electrolyte concentrated outside the cell.

Complete protein sources

Plant-based food that provides the most complete protein is soy.

Complete protein definition

Contains all essential amino acids in adequate amounts.

Protein structure dictation

The DNA sequence of the gene dictates the structure of a protein molecule synthesized by the body.

Hydrochloric acid role falsehood

False statement is that HCl digests proteins directly.

Kwashiorkor association

Not associated with high intake of protein.

Vegetarian diet benefit

Vegetarian diets are associated with increased consumption of fiber, antioxidants, and phytochemicals.

AMDR for fat

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for fat is 20-35% of total energy intake.

Common dietary sterol

The most common sterol in our diet is cholesterol.

Emulsification process

In emulsification of triglycerides, bile breaks down large fat droplets into smaller ones.

Essential fatty acids examples

Linoleic acid or alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids).

Unsaturated fat sources

Excellent sources include nuts, seeds, olive oil, and avocados.

Fat replacer

Olestra is a fat replacer.

Hydrogenation misconception

False statement is that hydrogenation produces only beneficial fats.

Hydrogenation effect

Straightens an unsaturated fatty acid to create a more solid fat.

Phospholipids classification reason

Phospholipids are not classified as essential nutrients because the body can produce them on its own.

Trans fats indicator

Ingredient that indicates trans fats is partially hydrogenated oils.

Fat breakdown trigger

During exercise, epinephrine (adrenaline) triggers fat breakdown.

Micelles function

Spherical compounds that transport dietary fat into enterocytes.

Large intestine's role in digestion

Organ that does not assist in lipid digestion is the large intestine.

Fatty acid description

A fatty acid with ten carbons and one double bond is a monounsaturated fatty acid.

Partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs)

Contain trans fats.

Linoleic acid source

Rich source is vegetable oils (like sunflower or corn oil).

Saturated fatty acid

Fatty acid solid at room temperature.

Saturated fat replacement risk

Replacing saturated fat with added sugars increases risk for cardiovascular disease.

Contaminated fish types

Fish likely to have high levels of contaminants include shark, swordfish, king mackerel.

Fat digestion location

Most fat digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestine.