Fundamentals of human nutrition
Pellagra results from a deficiency of: Niacin (Vitamin B3).
Most potent form of vitamin E: Alpha-tocopherol.
Disease NOT linked to free radical damage: Osteoporosis.
Vitamin B12 is essential for the proper functioning of: Red blood cells.
Good sources of riboflavin: Dairy products, eggs, lean meats, and green vegetables.
There is neither an RDA nor an AI for: Beta-carotene.
TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) is: A compound derived from thiamin (Vitamin B1) that activates enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism.
A goiter can result from: Iodine deficiency.
Amount of beta-carotene equivalent to one unit of vitamin A: 12 micrograms of beta-carotene equals 1 microgram of retinol activity equivalent (RAE).
True statement about vitamin C: It enhances iron absorption.
Micronutrient destroyed by exposure to light: Riboflavin.
Excellent sources of folate: Leafy green vegetables, legumes, and fortified grains.
Primary symptom of niacin toxicity: Flushing of the skin.
NOT a key role of folate during embryonic development: Bone mineralization.
True statement regarding thiamin: Thiamin is necessary for energy production, particularly in carbohydrate metabolism.
Chromium assists in the transport of: Glucose into cells.
Primary sources of folate in the American diet: Fortified grains and cereals.
About 90% of vitamin E is stored in: Adipose (fat) tissue.
Condition associated with fatigue, muscle wasting, reduced cognitive function, and paralysis: Beriberi (Thiamin deficiency).
Free radicals: Unstable atoms that can damage cells, leading to oxidative stress.
How much fluid should Bert drink to rehydrate after losing a pound during exercise: 2-3 cups (16-24 ounces) of fluid per pound lost.
Advice for Matt to reduce sodium intake: Choose fresh or frozen vegetables instead of canned, and avoid processed foods high in sodium.
NOT a function of chloride: Acts as a primary energy source.
Condition characterized by very high blood sodium levels: Hypernatremia.
Substance that moves freely and adapts to the shape of its container: Fluid (or water).
Why infants have a higher risk of dehydration than healthy young and middle-aged adults: Higher body water content, higher metabolic rate, and greater fluid losses.
What sodium and potassium do NOT have in common: Sodium is primarily outside cells, while potassium is primarily inside cells.
Condition characterized by dangerously high potassium levels in the blood: Hyperkalemia.
Individual at greatest risk for hyperkalemia: Someone with kidney disease or failure.
Fluid that flows between cells of tissues and organs: Interstitial fluid.
The GI flora: The beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract.
Diets rich in this nutrient are associated with maintaining healthy blood pressure levels: Potassium.
Individual likely to have the highest percentage of body water: Lean young man (due to muscle mass).
Primary reason we sweat: To cool the body (regulate body temperature).
Most water is lost daily via the: Kidneys (urine).
U.S. agency that sets and monitors standards for city water systems: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
A substance that increases fluid loss via urine: Diuretic (such as caffeine or alcohol).
NOT associated with Ian’s dehydrated condition: Excess body water.
Electrolytes most important in enabling nerves to respond to stimuli: Sodium and potassium.
Stimulates the thirst mechanism: High blood solute concentration or low blood volume.
When a protein attracts or releases hydrogen, it acts as a: Buffer.
True statement about a high-protein diet: High-protein diets can strain the kidneys and increase the risk of kidney stones in some individuals.
Nutrient most likely to be deficient in a vegan diet: Vitamin B12.
Enzymes that digest proteins in the small intestine: Trypsin and chymotrypsin.
Most of the proteins in the body are synthesized from: 20 amino acids.
Part of an amino acid that distinguishes it from others: Side chain (R group).
Not a major function of protein in the human body: Providing a primary energy source (proteins are not the body’s main energy source).
Proteins critical to the body’s defense against bacteria and viruses: Antibodies.
Cell structure where amino acids are assembled into proteins: Ribosome.
Process where mRNA copies genetic information from DNA before carrying it to the ribosome: Transcription.
Willa follows a vegan diet. What does she eat? Only plant-based foods (no animal products).
Sheldon’s diet, mostly plant-based with occasional animal products: Flexitarian or semi-vegetarian.
To conserve body protein for vital functions and not use it to provide energy: Consume enough calories from carbohydrates and fats.
Positively charged electrolyte concentrated outside the cell: Sodium.
Plant-based food that provides the most complete protein: Soy.
A complete protein: Contains all essential amino acids in adequate amounts.
What dictates the structure of a protein molecule synthesized by the body? The DNA sequence of the gene.
False statement about the role of hydrochloric acid (HCl): HCl digests proteins directly (it actually helps denature proteins and activates enzymes like pepsin).
Not associated with kwashiorkor: High intake of protein (kwashiorkor is linked to protein deficiency).
Vegetarian diets are associated with increased consumption of: Fiber, antioxidants, and phytochemicals.
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat: 20-35% of total energy intake.
The most common sterol in our diet: Cholesterol.
In the process of emulsification of triglycerides: Bile breaks down large fat droplets into smaller ones, aiding digestion.
Which of the following is an essential fatty acid? Linoleic acid or alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids).
Excellent sources of unsaturated fats: Nuts, seeds, olive oil, and avocados.
A fat replacer: Olestra.
False statement about hydrogenation: "Hydrogenation produces only beneficial fats." (Hydrogenation can produce trans fats, which are harmful.)
Straightening an unsaturated fatty acid to create a more solid fat: Hydrogenation.
Why phospholipids are not classified as essential nutrients: The body can produce phospholipids on its own.
Ingredient that indicates trans fats: Partially hydrogenated oils.
During exercise, which triggers fat breakdown: Epinephrine (adrenaline).
Spherical compounds that transport dietary fat into enterocytes: Micelles.
Organ that does not assist in lipid digestion: Large intestine.
A fatty acid with ten carbons and one double bond: Monounsaturated fatty acid.
Partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs): Contain trans fats.
Rich source of linoleic acid: Vegetable oils (like sunflower or corn oil).
Fatty acid solid at room temperature: Saturated fatty acid.
Replacing saturated fat with added sugars increases risk for: Cardiovascular disease.
Fish with likely high levels of contaminants: Shark, swordfish, king mackerel.
Where most fat digestion and absorption occurs: Small intestine.