"SpInAl AnAtOmY"

need to do auditory and optic pathways

what are the germinal layers

endoderm

mesoderm

ectoderm

what are the subgroups of the endoderm

endoderm

what germinal layer derives into the sigestive system and respiratory tract

endoderm

what is included in the derivatives of the endoderm

stomach

liver

pancreas

lungs

what are the subgroups of the mesoderm

notochord

paraxial

intermediate

lateral

what are the derivatives of the notochord

nucleus pulposus

what are the derivatives of the paraxial mesoderm

sclerotomes

dermatomes

myotomes

what do sclerotomes turn into

vertebra

ribs

what do dermatomes turn into

skin

what do myotomes turn into

epimere and hypomere

skeletal muscles

what does the epimere turn into

dorsal primary rami

posterior muscles

spinal extensors

what does the hypomere turn into

ventral primary rami

anterior muscles

spinal flexors

what are the derivatives of the intermediate mesoderm

urogenital system

adrenal cortex

what is included in the urogenital system

gonads

what are the divisions of the lateral mesoderm

somatic

splanchnic

what are the derivates of the somatic division of the lateral mesoderm

pelvic skeleton

limbs

what are the derivatives of the splanchnic division of the lateral mesoderm

circulatory system

smooth muscle organs

what are the subgroups of the ectoderm

surface ectoderm

neuroectoderm

what are the derivatives of the surface ectoderm

neural tube

alar plate

basilar plate

what are the derivatives of the neural tube

CNS
posterior pituitary

retina of the eye

oligodendrocytes

what are the derivatives of the alar plate

posterior horn of the spinal cord (sensory)

what are the derivatives of the basilar plate

anterior horn of the spinal cord (motor)

which horn of the spinal cord is responsible for motor synapses

anterior horn

what is the anterior horn of the spinal cord derived from

basilar plate

which horn of the spinal cord is responsible for sensory synapses

posterior horn

what is the posterior horn of the spinal cord derived from

alar plate

what are the derivatives of the neuroectoderm

neural crest

what are the derivatives of the neural crest

sympathetic chain ganglion

PNS

ANS
dorsal root ganglion

schwann cells

parafollicular cells of the thyroid

adrenal medulla

what are the germinal layers

endoderm

mesoderm

ectoderm

what are the divisions of the mesoderm

notochord

paraxial

intermediate

lateral

what are the derivatives of the paraxial mesoderm

sclerotome

dermatome

myotome

what are the derivatives of myotomes

epimere

hypomere

what ar the derivatives of the lateral mesoderm

somatic

splanchnic

what are the divisions of the ectoderm

surface ectoderm

neuroectoderm

what are the derivatives of the neuroectoderm

neural tube

neural crest

what do we need to prevent pathology from affecting the neural tube

vitamin B9

what is spina bifida occulta

lamina fail to fuse

tuft of hair growth over site

what is meningocele

meninges protrude out

what is myelocele

spinal cord protrudes out because meninges did not develop properly

what is meningomyelocele

spinal cord and meninges protrude out

what is an arnold chiari syndrome type 1

cerebellar peduncles/tonsils drop out of herniate below foramen magnum

what is an arnold chiari syndrome type 2

type 1+ meningomyelocele

what is a cleft palate

failure of maxillary and palatine bones to fuse

what is anencephaly

absence of major portion of the brain, skull and scalp

what is the most severe CNS pathology derived from the neural tube

anencephaly

what is chondrification

cartilage formation

what does mesenchymal/mesoderm tissue turn into

cartilage

what is ossification

bone formation

what is the process of turning mesenchymal/mesoderm tissue into bone

mesenchymal/mesoderm tissue → cartilage → bone

what is intramembranous/intramedullary ossification

conversion of mesenchymal tissue to bone

what bones form via intramembranous/intramedullary ossification

clavicle

flat bones of skull

most cranial bones

what does endochondral ossification do

convert mesenchyal/mesoderm tissue to bone

what does endochondral ossification form

remainder of axial skeleton and long bones

where are the secondary ossification centers

tip of SP

tip of TP

tip of dens

mamillary processes

what are the components of gastrointestinal embryology

foregut

midgut

hindgut

what are the components of the foregut

oral cavity/pharynx/trachea

esophagus

stomach

liver

gallbladder

spleen

pancreas

first 1/3 of duodenum

what are the components of the midgut

last 2/3 of duodenum

jejunum

ileum

cecum

appendix

ascending colon

first 2/3 of transverse colon

what are the contents of the hindgut

last 1/3 of transverse colon

descending colon

sigmoid colon

rectum

anus

what is the blood supply for the foregut

celiac artery

what is the nerve supply for the foregut

vagus

what is the blood supply for the midgut

superior mesenteric artery

what is the nerve supply for the midgut

vagus

what is the blood supply for the hindgut

inferior mesenteric artery

what is the nerve supply to the hindgut

pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

what are the primary vesicles of the brain

prosencephalon

mesencephalon

rhombencephalon

what are the secondary vesicles of the brain

telencephalon

diencephalon

mesencephalon

metencephalon

myelencephalon

what are the divisions of the prosencephalon

telencephalon

diencephalon

what are the walls of the brain derived from the telencephalon

cerebral hempspheres

cerebral cortex

basal ganglia

hippocampus

what are the walls of the brain that are derived from the diencephalon

hypothalamus

thalamus

epithalamus

what are the cavities of the brain that are derived from the telencephalon

lateral ventricles

foramen of monroe (interventricular foramen)

what cranial nerves are associated with the telencephalon

1

what are the cavities of the brain derived from the diencephalon

3rd ventricle

what cranial nerves are associated with the diencephalon

2

what are the secondary vesicles associated with the mesencephalon

mesencephalon

what are the walls of the brain that are derived from the mesencephalon

midbrain

what are the cavities of the brain derived from the mesencephalon

cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of sylvius)

what cranial nerves are associated with the mesencephalon

3 and 4

what are the divisions of the rhombencephalon

metencephalon

myelencephalon

what are the walls assocaited with the metencephalon

pons

cerebellum

what cavities are associated with the metencephalon

roof of 4th ventricle

what cranial nerves are associated with the metencephalon

5-8

what walls are derived from the myelencephalon

medulla

what cavities are assocaited with the myelencephalon

floor of 4th ventricle

cisterna magna

what cranial nerves are associated with the myelencephalon

9-12

what produces cerebrospinal fluid

choroid plexus

what anatomical structure houses the choroid plexus

lateral ventricles

what cells in the choroid plexus produce CSF

ependymal cells

after CSF is produced by the ependymal cells what is the flow of the CSF

foramen of monroe → 3rd ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → 4th ventricle → median or lateral aperture → central canal → external surfaces of brain and spinal cord → arachnoid villi → reabsorption of venous blood of superior sagittal sinus

where is CSF reabsorbed

into venous blood of superior sagittal sinus

what is a backup of CSF called

hydrocephalus

how many pharyngeal arches are there

6

what are the pharyngeal arches

mandibular (1)

hyoid (2)

thymus (3)

thyroid and cricoid (4-6)

what cranial nerve is associated with the 1 pharyngeal arch

5

what cranial nerve is associated with the second pharyngeal arch

7

what cranial nerve is associated with the 3rd pharyngeal arch

glossopharyngeal

CN 9

what cranial nerve is associated with the 4-6th pharyngeal arches

10

what are the cartilaginous components of the first mandibular arch

mandible

tympanic membrane

malleus

incus

what are the muscular components of the 1st pharyngeal arch

muscles of mastication

tensor tympani

tensor veli

anterior belly of digastric

what are the cartilaginous components of the 2nd pharyngeal arch

stapes

styloid process

lesser horn and upper part of hyoid

what are the muscular components of the 2nd pharyngeal arch

muscles of facial expression

stylohyoid

stapedius

posterior belly of digastric