Science Chapter 9

Day 4

On what day of Creation did God create the sun?

Black

Who suggested that heat was an invisible fluid?

Lavoisier

Who coined the term “caloric”?

Galileo

Who built the thermoscope?

Bernoulli

Who suggested that matter was made of moving particles?

Von Mayer

Who stirred a mixture of water and paper pulp?

Heraclitus

Who considered fire to be an element?

Celsius

Who made a temperature scale based on freezing and boiling points of water?

Count Rumford

Who observed cannon boring?

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

Who made a temperature scale based on ice-water and human body temperature?

Joule

Who calculated the speed of molecules in air?

Joule

Who found the conversion rate between mechanical work and thermal energy?

Carnot

Who designed a steam engine?

Kelvin

Who made a temperature scale based on absolute zero?

Heat-fluid

What was “caloric” in the caloric theory

Self-repelling particles that adhered to matter.

What were the properties of “caloric” in the caloric theory?

4\.18 J

How many Joules is a calorie?

The amount of mechanical work required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius

What is the definition of a calorie?

The sum of the kinetic energy of all the particles in a system.

What is thermal energy?

The average kinetic energy of all the particles.

What is temperature?

Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal

What are the two methods for collecting power from the sun and turning it into electricity?

Solar energy is clean and renewable, but it only works during the day.

What are the advantages and a disadvantage of using solar energy?

Air pressure affected the water level

What was the disadvantage of the thermoscope design?

Fiducial points

What is a standard, reproducible point on which a temperature scale is based?

The coldest temperature that Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit could get his salt-ice water solution.

What was the original definition of 0 degrees Fahrenheit?

Human body temperature

What was the original definition of 100 degrees Fahrenheit?

The boiling point of water

What was the original definition of 0 degrees Celsius?

The freezing point of water

What was the original definition of 100 degrees Celsius?

0 K

What is absolute zero?

\-459.67 degrees Fahrenheit

What is absolute zero in Fahrenheit?

\-273.15

What is absolute zero in Celsius?

C = (F - 32) / 1.8

What is the formula for converting Fahrenheit to Celsius?

F = 1.8 \* C + 32

What is the formula for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit?

Most materials expand as they heat up.

What is thermal expansion?

Usually conductors don’t conduct electricity as well when they are hot.

How is electrical resistance affected by temperature?

A fluid’s resistance to flow

What does viscosity mean?

Liquids are less viscous when they are warmer.

How is viscosity related to temperature?

The flow of thermal energy from one place to another.

What is the scientific meaning of “heat”?

Conduction, convection, and radiation

What are the three methods of thermal energy transfer?

Diamond

What is the best natural heat conductor?

Silver

What is the best metal for conducting heat?

Aerogels

What are the best thermal insulators we have made?

Because of density differences due to temperature fluids affected by gravity will have convection currents 

What property of matter drives convection currents?

Radiation

Which type of thermal energy transfer does not require matter to touch or flow?

Infrared

What type of light is involved in radiant energy transfer?

The amount of thermal energy required to change the object 1 degree Celsius.

What is heat capacity?

Specific heat capacity takes into consideration the mass, so it is more useful when talking about materials.

What is specific heat capacity?

Because of the latent heat of fusion

Why is melting ice-water still staying at 0 degrees Celsius even as it is receiving more energy?

Latent heat of vaporization

What is the extra energy required to phase change liquid water into gaseous steam without changing temperature at the boiling point?

Energy and matter cannot be created or destroyed, only change forms.

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

The useful energy of a system tends to decrease, and the entropy of a system tends to increase.

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

The measure of a system’s disorder.

What is entropy?

Since temperature is the average kinetic energy of the molecules and a true vacuum has no molecules, it would have no temperature.

What would the temperature of a true vacuum be, and why?