PHE424 Unit 2 test (biomechanics/kinesiology)

Bio

life

mechanics

study of action of forces, physics

static

motionless or constant state

dynamics

constant motion, acceleration is present

kinematics

describing motion or form, qualitative

kinetics

forces associated with motion

Kinesiology

study of human movements

Biomechanics

The study of forces and motions that shape human movement, combining life sciences with mechanics

What does biomechanics focus on?

How forces interact with the body to produce motion, prevent injury, and improve performance.

What are the two main approaches used in biomechanics?

Qualitative and quantitative analysis.

Qualitative analysis

Observing form and technique of movement.

quantitative analysis

Measuring data and applying formulas to movement.

In what fields is biomechanics useful?

Sports, rehabilitation, equipment design, prosthetics, and aging populations.

What are the two areas within dynamics?

Kinematics and kinetics.

How is kinesiology related to biomechanics?

Kinesiology is the broader study of human movement, and biomechanics is a specialized part of it.

Linear

uniform direction the same direction and speed

retilinear

straight line

curvilinear

curved line

Angular

rotation around a central axis (whole body or body segment rotation)

General motion

combination of linear and angular

forms of motion

Linear, angular, general

mechanical systems

determine what you want to evaluate, whole or part

Posterior (dorsal)

further back in position

Anterior (ventral)

nearer the front

proximal

closer to the origin or attachment point

distal

farther away from the origin or attachment point

superior

above or higher in positionin

inferior

lower or below another structure

anatomical axis

sagital, longitudinal, transverse

sagittal axis (anterior-posterior plane)

line running horizontally from the front to the back of the body

longitudinal axis

line extending from the head to the feet

Transverse or mediolateral axis (superior-inferior plane)

line that runs from side to side through the body

Movements in the sagittal plane

Flexion, extension, hypertension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion

Flexion

decreasing the angle of the joint

Extension

increasing the angle of the joint

Hyperextension

extension beyond anatomical position

Dorsiflexion

flexion at the ankle

plantar flexion

extension at the ankle

Movements in the frontal plane

abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, elevation, depression, radial deviation, ulnar deviation, inversion, eversion

Abduction

moving a limb away from the midline

Adduction

moving a limb toward the midline

lateral flexion

side to side movement of the trunk

elevation

moving shoulder girdle superiorly

depression

moving shoulder girdle inferiorly

radial deviation

moving wrist toward the radius (thumb side)

ulna deviation

moving wrist toward the ulna (pinky side)

inversion

sole of foot moving to face inward

eversion

sole of foot moving to face outward

Movements in the transverse plane

left and right rotation, medial rotation, lateral rotation, supination, pronation, horizontal abduction, horizontal adduction

Left and right rotation

head, neck, and trunk twist

Medial rotation

one limb rotating internally

lateral rotation

one limb rotating externally

supination

rotate forearm so palm is anterior

pronation

rotate forearm so palm is posterior

horizontal abduction

lib away from the body while shoulder is flexed

horizontal adduction

limb toward the body while shoulder is flexed

Movements in multi-planar

circumduction (combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction)

What do kinematic concepts help with?

They provide a framework for analyzing how the body moves.

What are the two types of linear motion?

Rectilinear and curvilinear

What must be decided when analyzing mechanical systems?

Whether to study the whole body or a specific body segment.

What helps standardize motion descriptions in biomechanics?

The anatomical position, directional terms, and the three anatomical planes and axes.

What happens in the sagittal plane?

Flexion and extension movements.

What ankle movements occur in the sagittal plane?

Dorsiflexion (flexion) and plantar flexion (extension).

What are wrist movements in the frontal plane?

Radial deviation (toward thumb) and ulnar deviation (toward pinky).

What are foot movements in the frontal plane?

Inversion (turning sole inward) and eversion (turning sole outward).

What are medial and lateral rotation also called?

Internal and external rotation.

What are the forearm movements in the transverse plane?

Pronation (palm down) and supination (palm up).

What does effective qualitative movement analysis require?

Understanding the skill’s principles, predicting cause-and-effect, planning good viewing angles, and sometimes using recording tools.

Inertia

resistance to acceleration, proportional to mass

mass

quantity of matter composing a body (kg)

force

push or pull on body, ___ = mass x acceleration

newton

common unit of force, 1 N = (1kg)(1 m/s²)

vector

direction of force

magnitude

size or amount of force

center of gravity

all weight equally balanced in all directions

weight

amount of gravitational force, ___ = mass x -9.81m/s²

Pressure

force per unit area, measured in pascals (Pa)

Volume

height x length x width 

density

mass/volume (kg/m³)

torque

angular equivalent to linear force, F x distance from axis to the applied force

impulse

F x time

Mechanical loads on the body

compression, tension, shear, bending, torsion

Compression

squeezing forces (bones)

tension

pulling forces (muscle, tendons, ligaments)

shear

opposite parallel forces (less common, more injuries)

stress

pressure on the body, damage if too high

strain

deformation or change in shape relative to the original dimensions

bending

half compression and half tension

torsion

twisting about longitudinal axis

Acceleration

force causes movement

deformation

forces causes damage (elastic or plastic)

elastic deformation

created by small forces, temporary and recoverable change

plastic deformation

created by great forces, permanent change

Yield point

amount of stress a structure can take before injury

Failure

when person can no longer sustain the applied load, leading to fracture

viscoelastic

exhibiting both elastic and viscous behavior when deformed

anisotropic

the material’s properties, like stiffness or tensile strength, change depending on the direction of the applied stress. 

acute stress

one time stress causing macrotrauma

chronic stress

many small repetitive stresses causing microtrauma

force plates

commonly used tech in a floor to measure force, pressure, and balance