02 - Tree of life pt 2

Covering key topics like the evolution of bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, it dives into their origins, life cycles, and adaptations

when did bryophytes originate

somewhere after green algae, exact time unsure

why dont we know exactly when bryophyte orginate

bryophytes are tiny and hard to fossilize cuz they have any strong tissue

when did first lychophyte orginate

begining of paleozoic and silurian

how did vascular plants conquer dry land

• presence of cuticles → seals wateer

• stomata → gas exchange

• vascular tissue → transports nutrienst

phloem

transports nutrients

xylem

water transport

guard cells

Guard cells are specialized plant cells that control gas exchange and water transpiration by opening and closing the stomata based on cells need

types of lycophytes

• clubmosses

• spikemosses

• quillworts

lycophytes - order from most species to least

most - spike mosses

clubmosses

quilllworts

which species of lycophytes grow in water

quillworts

when did fern orginate

after lycophytes

in carboniferous era

what did the carboniferous look like

mix of lycophytes and ferns

carboniferous era

it is a coal bearing era

this era gives alot of fossilized and slight decomposed lycophytes and ferns

types of ferns

whisk ferns

horse tail

true ferns

least to most species of each type of ferns

whisk ferns

horse tail

true ferns

where do true ferns grow

Today 75% of fern species are found in tropics

how tall are true ferns

can be tiny and or short

which cycle is more dominant in ferns

sporophytic generation

diploid

sori

sporangia

what releases spores in fern

sporangium

Prothallium

a small, heart-shaped structure that's part of the life cycle of ferns

The prothallium is the gametophyte stage of a fern's life cycle, where it produces both male and female sex cells (gametes)

diploid part of the fern life cycle

• mature leaf sporophyte

• mature root sporophyte

• sori

• mature sporangium

• embryo

• developing sporophyte

• developing frond sporophyte

• developing root sporophyte

haploid part of the fern life cycle

• haploid spores

• germinating spore

• prothallium

• gametophye

• egg - archegonium

• antheridium

• spermatozoid

which generation is photosynthetic in fern life cycle

both generation

photosynthetic componet fern life cycle

• mature leaf sporophyte

• mature root sporophyte

• mature sporangium

• developing frond sporophyte

• prothallium

which phase of fern life cycle is wind dependant

is it short. or long distance

spores - long distance dispersal

which phase of fern life cycle is water dependant

is it short. or long distance

spermatozoid - short distance dispersal

fern life cycle - who feeds who

The two generations are “ food-wise independent” (PS)

how water dependant are ferns

still strong water dependance as prothallium has no cuticle

even though sporophyte has cuticle & vascular system!

when was the peak diversity of seedless vascular plants

end of carboniferous to start of jurassic

what originated after ferns

gymnosperms

when did gymnosperms originate

outgoing carboniferous era

types of gymnosperms

conifers

ephedra

gnetum

gingko

welwitschia

gymnosperms - most to least species

conifers

ephedra

gnetum

gingko

welwitschia

what does conifer mean

cone bearers

how is pollen dispersed in gymnosperms

air

fertilizatoin in gymnosperms

seed wings

rest on top of scales

seed end is protected in the centre

wind dispersed

how do cones look

very different shape and sizes

Key invention in gymnosperms:

wood

Continued desiccation proofing in gymnosperms

Desiccation-prone spore (bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns)

Seed: drought resistant (plus wing)

have vascular bundles - transports nutrients

cuticles - seals water

stoma - gas exchange

what came after gymnosperms

angiosperms

types of seed plants

angiosperms and gymnosperms

types of vascular plants

lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms

when did the first snagiosperm orginate

jurassic

when was the big angiosperm radiation

cretaceous

explosive diversity (most groups we find today)

Key invention of angiosperms:

flowers

development to pick up pollen and spread it = more diverse

dominant generation in Life cycle of flowering (seed) plants

sporophytic generation

diploid

hevailiy

diploid part of Life cycle of flowering (seed) plants

• mature apple tree (sporophyte)

• flower

• anther

• embryo

• developing apple

• seed

• develping seedling

haploid part of Life cycle of flowering (seed) plants

• stigma

• ovary containing eggs (female gametophyte)

• pollen (male gametophyte)

• pollen tube

what is equavalent to flowers in gymnosperms

flowers

angiosperms seeds

covered seeds

Flowers - key innovation

pollination syndromes

which generation feeds what in angiosperm

Sporophyte feeds the gametophytes

angiosperm life cycle - photodynthetic part

mature apple tree

developing seedling

angiosperm life cycle - mobile life cycle

Male gametophyte (pollen) moved over mostly short distances (pollination syndrome) Seeds dispersed over pot. long distances (seed dispersal syndrome)

Flowering plants are also known as…?

angiosperms

Which organ produces the spermatozoids in ferns?

Antheridium

Within the vascular plants, which group is the oldest?

Lycophytes 

Within the vascular plants, which is the most modern group?

Angiosperms

1. Which life-stage can found a new population?

seedling