Statistics Concepts and Terminologies

Flashcards covering key statistics concepts and terms for exam preparation.

Categorical Data

Data that fall into groups or categories.

Quantitative Data

Data that take on numerical values where it makes sense to find an average.

Marginal Distribution

Distribution of one variable using the total row or column in a two-way table.

Conditional Distribution

Distribution of one variable for a specific value of another variable in a two-way table.

Standard Deviation

A measure of spread that indicates the typical distance that data points deviate from the mean.

Outlier

An observation that is significantly different from the other data; it may affect statistical analyses.

Z-score

Describes how many standard deviations a value is from the mean.

Percentile

The point at which k% of the values fall below that point.

IQR (Interquartile Range)

The difference between the third quartile (Q3) and the first quartile (Q1), used to measure spread.

Skewed Distribution

A distribution that is not symmetric; can be skewed left or right.

Residual

The difference between the actual value and the predicted value in a regression model.

Correlation

A statistical measure that describes the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables.

Extrapolation

The act of estimating beyond the original observation range.

Randomized Block Design

An experimental design where subjects are divided into blocks based on a certain characteristic.

Confidence Interval

A range of values that is used to estimate the true value of a population parameter.

Sampling Distribution

The distribution of a sample statistic over repeated sampling.

Binomial Distribution

A distribution that models the number of successes in a fixed number of independent Bernoulli trials.

Type I Error

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true.

Type II Error

Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false.