2nd semester final exam AP HUG

State

A political area with defined borders, a government, and sovereignty.

Nation

A group of people with shared culture, history, and identity.

Nation-State

A state where one nation dominates (e.g., Japan).

Stateless Nation

A group without their own state (e.g., Kurds).

Multi-National State

A state with multiple nations (e.g., Russia).

Multi-State Nation

A nation spread across multiple states (e.g., Koreans).

Autonomous Region

A self-governing area within a state (e.g., Hong Kong).

Semi-Autonomous Region

A partly self-governing region (e.g., U.S. reservations).

Sovereignty

A state’s ability to govern itself.

Colonialism

Controlling other areas for resources or power.

Berlin Conference

A meeting where Europe divided Africa into colonies.

Democratization

The process of becoming a democracy.

Authoritarian Government

A government with one person or group holding power.

Democracy

A government where people elect leaders.

Republic

A democracy where people elect representatives.

Theocracy

A government based on religion (e.g., Iran).

Neocolonialism

Controlling countries through economic or political pressure.

Shatterbelt

A region stuck between conflicting powers (e.g., Eastern Europe).

Irredentism

A country trying to reclaim “lost” territory.

Antecedent Boundary

A boundary set before people lived there.

Consequent Boundary

A boundary drawn based on cultural differences.

Subsequent Boundary

A boundary made after people settled.

Superimposed Boundary

A boundary forced by outsiders, ignoring cultures.

Relict Boundary

An old boundary no longer in use but still visible.

Geometric Boundary

A straight-line boundary, ignoring geography.

Physical Boundary

A boundary based on natural features (e.g., rivers).

UNCLOS

A treaty about ocean rights and zones for countries.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Ocean area where a country controls resources.

Median-Line Principle

Splitting ocean zones equally between nearby countries.

Reapportionment

Changing legislative seats based on population.

Gerrymandering

Drawing voting districts to favor a group.

Unitary State

A government where the national level holds most power.

Federal State

A government sharing power between national and local levels.

Devolution

Giving local areas more government power.

Supranationalism

Countries working together in groups (e.g., EU).

Agriculture

Growing crops and raising animals for food, fiber, or other products.

Plantation Agriculture

Large-scale farming of cash crops, often in tropical regions.

Shifting Cultivation

Farmers move to new land after soil loses fertility.

Intensive Agriculture

High labor or capital use on small land for high yields.

Extensive Agriculture

Low labor or capital use on large land with lower yields.

Nomadic Herding

Moving with livestock for grazing.

Long-Lot Survey System

Land divided into long, narrow plots along a river or road.

Metes and Bounds Survey System

Land divided using natural landmarks and measurements.

Township and Range Survey System

Land divided into grid-like squares.

First Agricultural Revolution

When humans started farming instead of hunting-gathering.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Improved tools, techniques, and crop yields (1750s-1900s).

Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)

Use of chemicals, GMOs, and tech to boost farming (1900s-present).

Globalization of Agriculture

Worldwide trade and spread of agricultural products and techniques.

Subsistence Agriculture

Farming mainly to feed the farmer’s family.

Commercial Agriculture

Farming to sell crops and livestock for profit.

Monoculture

Growing only one crop over a large area.

Agribusiness

Large-scale commercial farming run like a business.

Economies of Scale

Producing more lowers the cost per unit.

Von Thunen Model

Explains how land use changes with distance from a city.

Desertification

Land turning into desert due to overuse or climate change.

Sustainable Agriculture

Farming that protects the environment and resources.

Irrigation

Artificially supplying water to crops.

Deforestation

Cutting down forests for land or resources.

Pastoral Nomadism

Moving with animals to find pasture.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Organisms with altered DNA for better traits.

Aquaculture

Raising fish and seafood in controlled environments.

Organic Farming

Farming without synthetic chemicals.

Fair Trade

Ethical trade ensuring fair pay and sustainable practices.

Food Desert

Areas with little access to healthy, affordable food.

Cash Crop

A crop grown mainly to sell for profit.

Ranching

Raising livestock on large open land.

Transhumance

Seasonal movement of livestock between pastures.

Dairy Farm

A farm that raises animals for milk production.

Herbicide

Chemicals used to kill weeds

Truck Farming

Growing vegetables and fruits for market sale.

Primary Economic Activities

Jobs that involve using natural resources (e.g., farming, fishing).

Secondary Economic Activities

Jobs that involve making products from raw materials (e.g., manufacturing).

Tertiary Economic Activities

Jobs that provide services (e.g., retail, healthcare).

Urbanization

The process by which cities grow and populations shift from rural to urban areas.

Site

The physical characteristics of a place, including its terrain, climate, and natural resources.

Situation

The location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places.

Megalopolis

A large, connected urban region made up of multiple cities and metropolitan areas.

Megacity

A city with a population of over 10 million people.

Meta-City

A city with a population exceeding 20 million.

Suburbanization

The process of people moving from cities to surrounding suburban areas.

Suburb

A residential area on the outskirts of a city.

Suburban (urban) Sprawl

The spread of low-density suburban development over large areas.

Edge City

A large business and commercial hub on the outskirts of a metropolitan area.l

World (Global) City

A city that plays a significant role in the global economy, such as New York or London.

Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness of economies, cultures, and populations worldwide.

Rank-Size Rule

A pattern where the nth largest city in a country is 1/n the size of the largest city.

Primate City

A city that is more than twice the size of the next largest city and dominates a country’s economy and culture.

Gravity Model

A model that predicts interaction between places based on their population sizes and distances from each other.

Central Place Theory

A theory explaining the distribution of cities and services based on market areas.

Concentric Zone Model

A model that describes urban land use in rings, with the CBD at the center.

Sector Model

A model that shows urban growth in wedge-shaped sectors radiating from the CBD.

Multiple Nuclei Model

A model that suggests cities develop around multiple centers, not just one CBD.

Galactic City Model

A model describing post-industrial cities with a decentralized layout and multiple business hubs.

Disamenity Sector

Poor, underdeveloped urban areas often lacking services and controlled by informal economies.

Squatter Settlements

Informal housing areas without legal ownership, often in developing cities.

Gentrification

The process of wealthier individuals moving into and renovating low-income urban areas.

Low-Density Housing

Housing with fewer units per area, typically single-family homes.

Medium-Density Housing

Housing with a moderate number of units, such as townhouses or small apartment buildings.

High-Density Housing

Housing with many units per area, such as large apartment complexes.

Sustainable Development

Development that meets current needs without harming future generations.