Organic Molecules Functional Groups: Nucleic Acids DNA RNA

RNA is usually?

-Single stranded, but may be folded into 3-D structures, by hydrogen bonding. This allows the creation of different types of RNA

RNA is made out of what? DNA is made out of what?

RNA is made out of sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose

How does complimentary base paring work in RNA?

-Folding occurs by complementary base pairing, so structure is determined by the order of bases.

What dictates the folding in RNA?

The sequence of the basis

In RNA, adenine will bond with?

URACIL, not Thymine

**What are the base monomers of DNA and RNA?

nucleotides

**DNA nucleotides consists of?

deoxyribose (sugar) + phosphate + nitrogen base (Admine, Guanmine, Cytosine, Thymine)

**DNA is how many strands?

double stranded

** Two DNA strands come together by complimentary base pairing. These pairs are?

hydrogen bonds - A-T Admine to Thymine , G-C Guanmine to Cytosine

**RNA is how many strands?

single stranded, but can fold on itself to take 3D shape. Folding is depended on base sequence

RNA contains?

ribose (sugar) + phosphate + nitrogen base (Admine, Guanmine, URACIL, Cytosine)

What are organic molecules?

Molecules of life, or big bio-molecules

What are functional groups?

Small groups of atoms with specific chemical properties

What does functional groups do?

Give different properties to larger molecules, such as polarity (ability to dissolve in water)

How many functional group can a biological molecule contain?

Many

What makes one organic carbon chain different from another?

Addition of a functional group

What are nucleic acids?

Polymers specialized for storage, transmission, and use of genetic information

What are the two basic types of nucleic acids?

RNA (ribo nucleic acid)

DNA (deoxyribo nucleic acid)

Do nucleic acids have monomers?

Yes, called nucleotides. RNA and DNA are made up of nucleotides

What is DNA?

Pair of polynucleotides- A polynucleotide is a polymer, or chain, of nucleotides

What are nucleotides?

Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomers, or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA

The building blocks of nucleic acids, nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group.

What makes nucleosides?

Pentose sugar + Nitrogen containing base

What are the different types of pentose sugar (5-carbon sugar) that makes up nucleosides?

Ribose (found in RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA)

What are DNA and RNA made out of?

Monomers known as nucleotides

Each nucleotide has three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group

The polymer is DNA if the pentose sugar/5-carbon sugar is?

The polymer is RNA if the pentose sugar/5-carbon sugar is?

deoxyribose

ribose

What makes a nucleotide?

Pentose sugar + Nitrogen containing base + Phosphate Group (Basicially nucleosides + phospahte group)

Difference between nucleotide vs nucleosides

-Nucleosides has only pentose sugar + nitrogen containing base

-nucleotide has all of those above including phosphate group

What is the base structure of a monomer?

Nucleotides (Pentose sugar + Nitrogen base + Phosphate group)

What makes the different types of nucleotide monomers?

The different types of base that is added onto it

What types are the two different bases?

Pyrimidines

Purines

What is different between pyrimidines and purines?

Pyrimidines has a single ring

Purines has a double ring

What are the nucleobases of pyrimidines?

Thymine (DNA only)

Cytosine

Uracil (Uracil substitutes for thymine in RNA)

What are the nucleobases of purines?

Adenine

Guanine

Phosphodiester bond

When dealing with DNA, it links together the phosphates groups to the sugars

RNA vs. DNA

RNA-

Sugar: Ribose

Can form 4 monomers with bases: Adenin, Cytosine, Guanine, **Uracil

Structure: Single strand

Doesn't form double helix

DNA-

Sugar: Deoxyribsone

Can form 4 monomers or nucleotides with bases: Adenin, Cytosine, Guanine, **Thymine

Structure: Double strand

Forms a double helix

In human cell functionally, DNA and RNA does what?

DNA is the genetic material that contains all the codes/ proteins that builds humans.. sort of like a recipe book

RNA reads the genetic material and actually builds the DNA's coding

Is the function for DNA and RNA the same for all organisms?

No, only in human cells

What types of groups form the ladder of the sides of DNA?

Sugar-phosphate groups or sugar-phosphate backbones

(phosphates attached to sugar)

The sugar-phosphate backbones that go up the sides of the ladder of DNA are?

phosphodiester bonds .. they're all covalent bonds. Very strong!

What holds the two sides of the ladder, or base pairs together in DNA?

Hydrogen bonds

A purine base will always bond with a ?

Pyrimidine base

The two aspect of DNA bonding are?

1. Purine with pyrimidine --> single ring with double ring

Must be equal distance apart

2. Hydrogen bonding

Why can't purine be bonded with purine in DNA?

Pyrimidine can't be bonded with pyrimidine in DNA?

It is based on size. The DNA ladder MUST be completely parallel and equal distance from one side to the other. If a purine is bonded with a purine (double with double), then the distance would be very wide.

What is complimentary base pairing?

adenine and thymine always pair (A-T)

(purine) + (Pyrimidine)

cytosine and guanine always pair (C-G)

(pyrimidine) + (purine)

DNA structure

DNA structure 2

The DNA structure is...

-Has a hydrogen bond that holds the bases together

1. Thymine is held by a hydrogen bond to Adenine

2.Cytosine is held by a hydrogen bond to Guanine

-The phosphate sugar backbone (ladder) on the two sides are held together by phosphodiester bond (a group of strong covalent bonds)

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-A polynucleotide is a polymer, or chain, of nucleotides.

(two polynucleotide strands form a "ladder" that twists into a double helix)

-Sugar-phosphate groups form the sides of the ladder, the hydrogen-bonded bases form the rungs.

Adenine and Thymine can form how many hydrogen bonds? Why are they always together?

Two. This is why these two can only bond together

1. They both form 2 hydrogen bonds 2. They are (purine) + (Pyrimidine)

Why can't adenine bond to cytosine even though they are both purine and pyrimidine?

It is because cytosine has 3 hydrogen bonds it can form, while adenine can only form 2 hydrogen bond

Cytosine Guanine Bond

Adenine Thymine Bond

Why can only cytosine and guanine bond together? How many bonds do they each form?

One is purine and one is a pyrimidine. But they both also have 3 places for hydrogen bond

Can the DNA ladder be pulled apart? Why?

Yes. When the cell needs to divide or do GENE EXPRESSION, it can pull the DNA apart.

Hydrogen bonds are naturally weak. A lot of them together can make it strong but regardless, it can still be easily pulled apart with little energy.

Can covalent bond be easily pulled apart?

NO. very hard because it is such a strong bond, it would require a lot of energy

Why do DNA twist into double helix?

Because of the hydrogen bonds interacting on the sides of the ladder