Biology Final

levels of organization

levels of organization

atoms - molecules - cells - tissues - organs - organ system - organism

body cavities

dorsal= backside

ventral

front side

cranial

brain

spinal

spine

abdomen

stomach

pelvic

lower abdomen

abdominopelvic

abdomen & pelvis

organ systems

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

relative position

general idea

absolute position

exact location

Metabolism

reactions in the body, requires energy

Homeostasis

tendency of body to maintain balanced internal environment "Sameness"

absorption

occurs when the small intestine breaks down nutrients that are then absorbed into your bloodstream and carried to cells through your body.

secretion

production and release of a useful substance by a gland or cell

assimilation

the movement of the digested food molecules into the cells of the body from where they are used.

anatomy

structure of body parts (also called morphology)

physiology

the function of the body parts

diaphragm

separates the thoracic and pelvic region

body regions

cervical= front of your neck

cephalic= head

brachial= arm

pedal= foot

lumbar= lower back

buccal= cheek

sagittal plane

divides left and right

transverse plane

divides superior and inferior

coronal plane

divides anterior and posterior

proximal

closer to the trunk

lateral

away from the middle

connective tissues.

• Most abundant tissue

• Binds structures together

• Provides support protection framework fills space stores fat produces blood cells fights infection

• Composed of more scattered cells within matrix

• Made up of a ground substance and fibers

• Most have a good blood supply

muscle tissues

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

epithelial tissue

covers all body surfaces

nervous tissue

spinal cord

what are tissues?

a group or mass of similar cells working together to perform common functions

cartilage

chondrocytes

tendon

connects muscle to bone

ligament

connects bone to bone

adipose tissue

fat, protective cushion, insulation to preserve body heat, stores energy.

functions of the skeletal system

• support and protection

• body movement

• blood cell formation

• storage of inorganic materials

parts of the bone

epiphysis, diaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, medulla

types of joints

saddle- thumb

pivot- lower arm

hinge- elbow or knee

ball and socket- shoulder or hip

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage, padding

long bone

support weight and movement

Epiphysis

End of the bone

Proximal epiphysis - Closest to the bodys center

Distal epiphysis - Farthest away from the body

diaphysis

shaft of the bone

tarsals

7 bones that make up ankle and upper foot

carpals

8 bones that mane up wrist

phalanges

fingers and toes

Periosteum

membrane that covers entire bone

hyoid bone

Small u shaped solitary bone in the midline of the neck at the base of the mandible

calcaneus

large heel bone

fontanels

soft soft on an infants skull

mandible

jaw

cervicle

C1-C7

lumbar

Five bones in your lower back (L1-L5)

thoracic vertebrae

T1-T12

foramen magnum

a passage of the central nervous system through the skull connecting the brain with the spinal cord.

smooth muscle

involuntary, digestive

striated muscle

voluntary, skeletal

cardiac muscle

heart

how do muscles contract and respond

as one muscle contracts, the other relaxes

sliding filament theory

the theory of how muscle contracts is the sliding filament theory.

the contraction of a muscle occurs as the thin filament slide past the think filament

threshold stimulus

the minimum intensity required from a stimulus to produce a response from a human or an animal

motor neuron

cells in the brain and spinal cord that allow us to move, speak, swallow and breathe by sending commands from the brain to the muscles that carry out these functions.

motor unit

made up of a motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by the neuron's axon terminals, including the neuromuscular junctions between the neuron and the fibers

fascicle

muscles are composed of many fibers that are arranged in bundles

myofibrils

individual parallel muscle fibers within the sarcoplasm

myosin

thick filaments

actin

thin filaments

sarcomere

the basic contractile unit of a myocyte

cholinesterase

breaks down ACH

Acetylcholine

a neurotransmitter, a chemical that carries messages from your brain to your body through nerve cells

muscle cramp

sustained involuntary contraction

ATP

produced by cellular respiration

occurs in the mitochondria

All-or-none response

the principle that under given conditions the response of a nerve or muscle fiber to a stimulus at any strength above the threshold is the same

atrophy

muscles become small and weak due to disuse.

muscle tone

the amount of tension (or resistance to movement) in muscles.

what are the general functions of the nervous system

• coordinate the body's system by receiving and sending information

• maintaining homeostasis

Oligodendrocytes

make myelin sheath that provide insulation around the axons

astrocyte

connect blood vessels to neurons

microglial cells

immune function, digest debris, kills bacteria

axon

single long fibers, conduct information away from the cell

dendrite

short, more numerous, receives information

how many cranial nerves are there

12

how many spinal nerves are there

31

synapses

junction between to communication neurons

excitatory neurotransmitters

• increase membrane permeability

• increase chance for threshold to be achieved

inhibitory neurotransmitters

• decrease membrane permeability

• decrease the chance for threshold to be achieved.

what are the meninges of the brain

pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater,

pia mater

inner membrane, contains nerves and blood vessels to nourish cells.

dura mater

outer most layer, blood vessels

arachnoid mater

no blood vessels, in between layer (resembles a spider web)

cerebrum

wrinkly, large part of the brain

what are the lobes of the brain

frontal, motor cortex, sensory cortrex, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

frontal lobe

emotion, planning, language, movement

motor cortex

movement

sensory cortex

sensations

parietal lobe

math

occipital lobe

vision

temporal lobe

memories, auditory, language

what does the brainstem consist of

mid brain, medulla, and pons

midbrain

visual reflexes, eye movement

medulla

heart, respiration, blood pressure

pons

relay sensory information