General Anatomy and Radiographic Positioning Terminology (PART. I)

anatomy

science of the structure of the body

physiology

study of the function of the organs

osteology

detailed study of the knowledge relating to the bones of the body

- attachment for muscles

- mechanical basis for movement

- protection of internal organs

- a frame to support the body

- storage for calcium, phosphorus, and other salts

- production of red and white blood cells

functions of bones (6):

- periosteum

- endosteum

- haversian system

- medullary cavity

- spongy bone

- cortical bone

bone structure (6):

ossification

term given to the development and formation of bones

- intermembranous

- endochondrial

2 types of ossification:

skulls, clavicles, mandibles, and sternum

ex. of intermembranous ossification (4):

short, irregular, and long bones

ex. of endochondrial ossification (3):

diaphysis

primary ossification occurs in the

epiphysis

secondary ossification occurs in the

- long

- short

- flat

- irregular

- sesamoid

classification of bones (5):

long bone

(classification) provides support

femur, humerus

ex. of long bone (2):

short bone

(classification) allow minimum flexibility and motion in a short distance

tarsals, wrist

ex. of short bone (2):

flat bone

(classification) provides protection, and their broad surfaces allow muscle attachment

cranium, sternum, scapula

ex. of flat bone (3):

irregular bone

(classification) attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments, or they attach to other bones to create joint

vertebrae, pelvis

ex. of irregular bone (2):

sesamoid bone

(classification) develops inside and beside tendon, very small and oval, protects the tendon from excessive wear

patella

ex. of sesamoid bone:

condyle

rounded process at an articular extremity

coracoid or coronoid

beaklike or crownlike process

horn

hornlike process on a bone

crest

ridgelike process

epicondyle

projection above condyle

facet

small, smooth-surfaced process for articulation

hamulus

hook-shaped process

head

expanded end of a long bone

line

less prominent ridge than a crest; linear elevation

malleolus

club-shaped process

protuberance

projecting part or prominence

spine

sharp process

styloid

long pointed process

trochanter

either of two large rounded and elevated process (greater or major and lesser or minor)

tubercle

small, rounded, and elevated process

tuberosity

large, rounded, and elevated process

fissure

cleft or deep groove

foramen

hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves

fossa

pit, fovea, or hollow space

groove

shallow linear channel

meatus

tubelike passageway running within a bone

notch

indentation into the border of a bone

sinus

recess, groove or cavity, or hollow space

sulcus

furrow, trench, or fissurelike depression

closed fracture

does not break through skin

open fracture

serious fracture in which the broken bone or bones project through the skin

nondisplaced fracture

which the bone retains its normal alignment

displaced fracture

the bones are not in anatomic alignment

- synarthroses

- amphiarthroses

- diarthroses

functional classification of joints (3):

synarthroses

immovable joints

amphiarthroses

slightly movable joints

diarthroses

freely moveable joints

- fibrous

- cartilaginous

- synovial

structural classification of joints (3):

fibrous joints

- does not have a joint cavity

- strongest joints in the body

- syndemosis (tibiofibular joint)

- suture (skull)

- gomphosis (roots of teeth)

ex. of fibrous joint (3):

cartilaginous joints

- they do not have a joint cavity

- they are virtually immovable

- symphysis (pubic symphysis)

- synchrondrosis (epiphyseal plate found between the epiphysis and diaphysis)

ex. of cartilaginous joint (2):

- gliding (plane)

- hinge (ginglymus)

- pivot (trochoid)

- ellipsoid (condyloid)

- saddle (sellar)

- ball and socket

types of synovial joints (6):