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Social development
process by which a child learns to interact with others, form relationships, navigate social situations, and develop a sense of self in relation to others
Social development supports
Language development 2. Identity development 3. Learning 4. Conflict resolution 5. Mental health
Quality of relationships
can affect mental health
Theories of social development
consider social interaction as fundamental to development - Psychoanalytic - Learning - Social cognitive - Ecological
Psychoanalytic theories
Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
built on Freud's psychosexual theory; emphasized role of social factors in stages
8
age-related stages of development in Erikson's theory
First 5 stages
focus on childhood and adolescence in Erikson's theory
Failed navigation
child will struggle with concept for the rest of their lives
Trust vs. Mistrust
stage 1 of Erikson's theory
0-1 years
trust vs. mistrust age
Conflict during trust vs mistrust
feeling secure and valued vs feeling insecure and uncertain
Successful navigation of trust vs mistrust
the foundation for secure attachment relationships and trust in relationships is built
Failed navigation of trust vs mistrust
difficulty forming intimate relationships later in life
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
stage 2 of Erikson's theory
1-3 years
autonomy vs shame and doubt age
Conflict during autonomy vs shame and doubt
developing a sense of independence vs experiencing uncertainty and insecurity about their abilities
Successful navigation of autonomy vs shame and doubt
self-confidence and independence is fostered
Failed navigation of autonomy vs shame and doubt
experiences of insecurity, self-doubt, and dependence on others
Initiative vs guilt
stage 3 of Erikson's theory
3-6 years
initiative vs guilt age
Conflict during initiative vs guilt
trying new things vs feeling hesitant and self-conscious
Successful navigation of initiative vs guilt
leads to a sense of purpose and direction
Failed navigation of initiative vs guilt
results in guilt and lack of purpose
Industry vs inferiority
stage 4 of Erikson's theory
6-12 years
industry vs inferiority age
Conflict during industry vs inferiority
developing a sense of competence in academic, social, and personal tasks vs. feeling inadequate
Successful navigation of industry vs inferiority
fosters confidence, while failure may lead to feelings on inferiority
Failed navigation of industry vs inferiority
results in sense of inferiority and sense of incompetence
Identity vs role confusion
stage 5 of Erikson's theory
12-18 years
identity vs role confusion age
Conflict during identity vs role confusion
forming a clear sense of self vs feeling uncertain about one's identity
Successful navigation of identity vs role confusion
leads to an ability to stay true to oneself and understand one's role in social relationships
Failed navigation of identity vs role confusion
results in role confusion and weak sense of self
Intimacy vs isolation
stage 6 of Erikson's theory
18-40 years
intimacy vs isolation age
Conflict during intimacy vs isolation
forming intimate, meaningful relationships vs feeling disconnected and unable to form close bonds
Successful navigation of intimacy vs isolation
leads to deep, meaningful connections and love
Failed navigation of intimacy vs isolation
results in feelings of loneliness and isolation
Generativity vs stagnation
stage 7 of Erikson's theory
40-65 years
generativity vs stagnation age
Conflict during generativity vs stagnation
feeling productive and valuable to others vs feeling unfulfilled
Successful navigation of generativity vs stagnation
results in a sense of fulfillment and contribution
Failed navigation of generativity vs stagnation
results in feelings of unproductiveness, detachment, and dissatisfaction with their impact on others
Integrity vs despair
stage 8 of Erikson's theory
65+
Integrity vs despair age
Conflict during Integrity vs despair
feeling at peace vs feeling regretful and disappointed with missed opportunities and mistakes
Successful navigation of Integrity vs despair
a sense of satisfaction, acceptance, and wisdom
Failed navigation of Integrity vs despair
regret, bitterness, and despair
Strengths of Erikson's theory
• Comprehensive framework of development throughout the entire lifespan • Emphasis on social influences • Emphasis on the search for identity in adolescence has had lasting impacts on research on identity development in adolescence
Weaknesses of Erikson's theory
• many elements of the theory are vague • Limited empirical support • May not generalize to non-Western contexts
James Marcia
4 groups of identity status; identity development relates to where an adolescent falls on dimensions of identity exploration and commitment
Identity achievement
high exploration and high commitment
Identity foreclosure
low exploration and high commitment
Moratorium
high exploration and low commitment
Identity diffusion
low exploration and low commitment
Learning theories
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning theory
Learning theories
Focus on external factors in shaping social behaviour 2. Emphasize continuity (vs. discontinuity) 3. Focus on the role of specific mechanisms of change (ex. Reinforcement, observational learning)
John B. Watson
founder of behaviourism
Behaviourism
development is determined by the child's environment via learning through classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Little Albert
9 month old baby exposed to white rat which was conditioned to become scary
B.F. Skinner
believed behaviour is shaped and controlled by environmental factors and believed the world acts upon a person
Reinforcement
we repeat behaviours that lead to favourable outcomes
Punishment
we suppress behaviours that result in unfavourable outcomes
Attention
can serve as a powerful reinforcer; children often do things just to get attention
Time out (temporary isolation)
systematically withdrawing attention and reinforcement for inappropriate behaviour
Intermittent reinforcement
makes behaviours resistant to extinction
Behaviour modification therapy
treatment approach based on principles of behaviourism; using reinforcement and punishment to increase desirable behaviours and decrease unwanted ones
Social-learning theory
attempts to account for social development through learning processes and mechanisms, emphasizing observation and imitation
Albert Bandura
most human learning is inherently "social" in nature and is based on observation of other people
Watching, imitating, indirect models
ways children can learn
Vicarious reinforcement
observing someone else receive a reward or punishment
Cognitive aspects of observational learning
Attention to others' behaviour 2. Encoding what is observed 3. Storing the information in memory 4. Retrieving information later to reproduce the behaviour observed earlier
Reciprocal determinism
child-environment influences operate in both directions
Strengths of learning theories
• There is extensive research on parental socialization behaviours and how children learn social behaviours • Important practical applications
Weaknesses of learning theories
main focus is on behaviour so less attention is given to biological, perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language development
Theories of social cognition
stage theory of role taking, social information processing theory, mindset theory
Active processors of social information
encode, retrieve and store social information
Self-socialization
active process whereby children actively shape their own development through their activity preferences, friendship choices, etc.
Robert Selman
stage theory of role taking
Role taking
the ability to think about something from another's point of view; the ability to understand others' perspectives progresses through five stages (early childhood to adolescence)
Undifferentiated role-taking
children fail to distinguish perspectives
Social-informational role-taking
children recognize that others have different information available to them and thus different perspectives
Self-reflective role-taking
children realize that someone else can have a different view and are also able to think about the other person's point of view
Third party role-taking
children can take the view of a detached third-person and view a situation from that perspective
Societal role-taking
considers others' perspectives with reference to a broader social context, considering societal values and norms
Prior to age 6
undifferentiated role-taking
Ages 6-8
social-informational role-taking
Ages 8-10
self-reflective role taking
Ages 10-12
third party role-taking
Ages 12+
societal role-taking
Dodge
social information processing theory
Information processing theory
focused on aggression; children with disruptive behaviour problems perceive, interpret, and make decisions about social information in ways that increase their likelihood of engaging in aggressive acts
Mistakes in social information processing during aggression: 1. Hostile attributional bias 2. Generation of fewer responses 3. More favourable evaluation of aggressive responses
Dweck
Mindset theory
Mindset theory
focuses on children's different reactions to failure
Achievement motivation
whether children are motivated by mastery or others' views of their success
Learning goals
mastery
Performance goals
others' views of own success
Incremental theory of intelligence
belief that intelligence can be developed through effort; motivated by desire for mastery and evaluates effort and learning (growth mindset)
