NDAP Biochem MACROMINERALS

glucose and galactose

Lactose is a disaccharide of

Glucose

Due to its optical activity _________  is  referred to as dextrose.

Fructose

A ketose

Fructose

Levulose due to its character of its optical activity

Amylopectin

Causes Gelatinous property of starch

Cellulose

A polysaccharide that cannot be digested in the human gut

Amylose

Causes the stability of resistant starches in the starch molecule

1,6

The glycosidic linkage branching structure in the granule of a starch

Galactose

The sugar group found in agar

Buffer

Helps maintain the optimum, ionic PH state of body fluids

Proteins

Only molecule that functions for tissue growth and maintenance regulate body processes and  energy source as well

Amylum, Glycogen, Cellulose

Unlike mannitol, these ar polysaccharides

Lactose

favors the growth of bacteria which may be helpful in the synthesis of Vitamin K & Vitamin B

Lactose

Beta- galatosidase is responsible for the biologic breakdown of

In caramelization the sugar must be heated to ________ degrees Celsius to obtain the proper caramel flavor and  color

200

Concentrated acids exert a _____________ on mono- and di-saccharides

Dehydrating Effect

Galactose

Oxidation of __________ produces mucic acid which is use as a means of its sugar identification.

Sucrose

Invertase is an enzyme that hydrolyses ___________ to its respective monosaccharides.

Concentrated Acids

Formation of furfural in the identification of the monosaccharides occurs through the dehydration of the sugars by

Aspartame/Sweet & Low

The artificial sweetener __________ is harmful for those suffering from phenylketonuria (PHU) due to the sweetener’s phenylalanine content.

Inulin

The component of coco sugar that contributes to the low glycemic index of this sweetener is

Dextrin

The intermediate product of starch hydrolysis that is added to food preparations to obtain a smooth texture is

Amylose

The following glucose polysaccharides all possess branching structures: Glycogen, Amylum, Amylopectin

Active Transport

Simple products of digestion that require energy in the form of ATP with a carrier protein moving across the cell membrane against an energy gradient involves

Trypsin

The main proteolytic enzyme produced by the pancreas is

Amphoteric Reaction

Amino acids in aqueous solution can exist as ions having an

Proline

The amino acid that does not respond positively to Ninhydrin color reaction test is

Phenylalanine

An amino acid having a benzene ring on its side chain is

Non-Essential

Amino acids not required in the diet are called

Cysteine

The amino acid responsible for the grayish color developed on the  membrane of the egg yolk when hard boiled egg is overcooked is

Biologically Reactive

The following are properties of denatured proteins: have increased chemical reactivity, biologically inactive, easily digestible

Peptide bonds

The primary protein structure is formed through the

Separated, and identified through fractional distillation

Amino Acid esters are characterized by being

A-amine & a-carboxyl groups

The two chemicals expression in the amino acid molecule that gives it an amphoteric property

Ninhydrin Test

The color reaction test that is use in the identification of amino acids in a  chromatogram is

Peptones

Formed in early stages of protein hydrolysis

Neutral Salts

Precipitation of protein through dehydration may be brought about by the use of this

Enterokinase

Trypsinogen is activated by:

HCL

It converts pepsinogen in the stomach to active pepsin

Proline

Amino acid component of one of the most important connective tissue-collagen.

Glutamate

Amino acid contained in food flavors enhancers which is the antagonist for umami taste

Fibrinogen

The protein that provides defense mechanism to the human body i

Phosphoprotein

is an important  conjugated proteins found casein

Peptides

Are derived proteins resulting from extensive hydrolysis of the protein

Protein denaturation by heat requires the presence of

Moisture

Astaxanthin

The protein in the shell of crabs contain the pigment

Pepsinogen

The zymogen in the stomach that is activated at pH 2 is

Esters of fatty acids with glycerol

Neutral fats and oils are characterized by being

Rancid oils are acidic due to the

Oxidation

Acrylic Aldehye

Over-used cooking oil develops unpleasant taste to fried food due to the dehydration of glycerol forming

Hydrogenation

Trans fat results from the _______________ of the unsaturated fatty acid chains of fats

Lipids use for flavoring are characterized as having the following properties: less than 10 carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain, low molecular weight, volatile etc.

Has more than 10 carbon atoms in the chain

Thiamine

The following are steroid vitamins: Retinol, Calciferol,Tocopherol

Fresh butter

Butyric acid is the fatty acid

Contain less than 10 carbon in its fatty acid chain

Volatile fats and oils

May undergo oxidation

Trans fats possess the following characteristics: high melting point, less reactive, has more regular structure EXCEPT

Having short, unsaturated fatty acids

Soft fats are characterized as

Fatty acids

Alkaline hydrolysis of triglycerides produces one of these products

Iodine number

The Fat constant that points to the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids

Saponification Number

To determine the length of the fatty acid chain in fats, this test can be applied to the lipid sample

The steroid vitamin that is essential for good vision is

Retinol

They are very high in cholesterol content which is deposited on the arterial walls

High Density Lipid is characterized by the following: they are proteins in a small amount of cholesterol and triglycerides, they remove cholesterol from the arteries & returns it to the liver for recycling, also known as a-lipoproteins EXCEPT

Omega 3

Among the essential fatty acids, daily in-take of _____________ help lower trigylcerides, blood pressure and reduces inflammation.

Rancid

Oxidation, hydrolysis, heat , may cause fats to become

Hydrogenation

The fat treatment that is done at high temperature in the presence of a catalyst to produce lard that has a longer shelf life is

Lecithin

is a phospholipid  responsible for the emulsification of cholesterol

The 7-dhydrocholesterol found beneath the human skin contains in its molecule

Steroid molecule

Gluconeogenesis

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate materials such as fats and proteins is referred to as

Aerobic breakdown of glucose in the muscle takes place during

Citric Acid Cycle

Glucagon

In the liver, most of the breakdown of glycogen to glucose is influenced by the hormone

Phosphoglucose-isomerase

Glucose-6-phosphate is readily converted to fructose-6-phospate by the enzyme

Aldolase

In glycolysis, frutose-1,6-biphosphate is converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by the enzyme:

2

The number of ATP produced in glycolysis is

Kinase

Phosphorylation is catalyzed by the enzyme

Require presence of oxygen

TCA Cycle is a reaction that

Acetyl CoA

The product of glycolysis enters the Kreb Cycle as

Acetyl CoA

Knoop Cycle refers to the breakdown of fatty acid chain of lipids resulting to the formation of

Pyruvate

The following are the final products formed at the electron transport chain: Water, NAD, FAD, 34 ATPs EXCEPT

Cori Cycle

During strenuous muscular work-out, the muscle produces a big amount of lactic acid which goes through the _____________ producing glucose to supply energy to the tired muscles

Glycolysis

The energy producing pathway forming ATP in the cytosol in the absence of  oxygen is

Deamination

This reaction takes place during protein metabolism

At the end of glucose metabolism, the total number of ATPs formed is _______________ per sugar molecule

38

Acidosis

At very low glucose content of the body, fat oxidation may occur resulting to

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Glycerol from lipolysis enters the glycolytic cycle as

Aldolases

Enzyme- splitting molecules are the

Arabinose

Nucleic acids contain the nitrogenous bases, ribose, phosphate groups

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis occurs in the

The cell membrane bilayer consists of

Proteins and Phospholipid

Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the cell’s

Mitochondria

Small intestine

Most of the food digestion occurs in the:

Pyloric Sphincter

The chyme produced in the stomach through churning with gastric juices is transported to the small intestines via

The following are functions of the large intestines

Ferments carbohydrates insoluble fibers, Synthesizes Vitamin B12 & K, reabsorbs water and electrolytes

Lymphatic

The subsystem of the circulatory system that transports fluid-containing infection fighting WBC throughout the body is

Salivary Amylase

Among the digestive enzymes, the only one active at neutral pH is

Arteriosclerosis

The build up of fats and cholesterol on the arterial walls restricting blood flow can result to

Active Natural

An attack of an infectious disease such as mumps or measles may provide an individual with Acquired

IGF-1

The substance that mediates the action of the growth hormones by stimulating the growth of bones and muscles is

Leptin

Hormone that acts as a metabolic switch regulating energy balance by inhibiting hunger is

Alpha keto acid

The deamination product of amino acids that enters into the Kreb Cycle producing ATP is