TCC southeast Anatomy and phisiology 1 Dr. Sam yacoub ch1 (from slides)

Anatomy

study of the form and structure of the body

Physiology

study of how the body functions

Microscopic anatomy

examines structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye using specimens examined under a microscope

Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)

investigates structures visible to the unaided eye using specimens dissected for examination

Organization (characteristic of life)

property in which all organisms exhibit a complex structure and order

Metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body

Anabolism

process in which small molecules are joined to form larger ones

Catabolism

process in which large molecules are broken down into smaller ones

Growth and development (characteristic of life)

process in which organisms assimilate materials from the environment and grow and develop

Responsiveness

the ability to sense and react to stimuli

Regulation/adaptation

the ability to adjust internal bodily function to accommodate environmental changes

Homeostasis

the ability to maintain body structure and function; also defined as the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment or "steady state" in response to changing internal or external conditions

Reproduction (characteristic of life)

the production of new cells for growth maintenance and repair; with sex cells (gametes) can develop into new organisms

Chemical level (organization)

lowest level of organization consisting of atoms molecules and macromolecules

Atom

smallest unit of matter

Molecule

one or more combined atoms such as sugar water or vitamin

Macromolecule

more complex molecule such as proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Organelle

microscopic structure within a cell

Cellular level (organization)

level of organization at which cells are the smallest living structures; basic units of structure and function formed from molecules and varying widely in structure to reflect specialized functions

Tissue level (organization)

level of organization consisting of groups of similar cells performing common functions

Epithelial tissue

tissue type that covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities

Connective tissue

tissue type that protects supports and binds structures and organs

Muscle tissue

tissue type that produces movement

Nervous tissue

tissue type that conducts nerve impulses

Organ level (organization)

level of organization at which two or more tissue types perform specific functions such as the small intestine which is composed of all four tissue types working to process and absorb digested nutrients

Organ system level (organization)

level of organization at which related organs work together to achieve a common function such as the digestive system working to digest food absorb nutrients and expel waste products

Organismal level (organization)

highest level of structural organization at which all body systems function interdependently

Integumentary system

provides protection regulates body temperature is the site of cutaneous receptors and some glands synthesizes vitamin D and prevents water loss

Skeletal system

provides support and protection is the site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production) stores calcium and phosphorus and provides sites for muscle attachments

Muscular system

produces body movement and generates heat when muscles contract

Nervous system

a regulatory system that controls muscles and some glands and responds to sensory stimuli; also responsible for consciousness intelligence and memory

Endocrine system

consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones which regulate development growth and metabolism maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume control digestive processes and control reproduction

Cardiovascular system

consists of the heart and blood vessels; the heart moves blood through blood vessels to distribute hormones nutrients gases and pick up waste products

Lymphatic system

transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels) and participates in an immune response when necessary

Respiratory system

responsible for the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the blood and the air in the lungs

Urinary system

filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules concentrates waste products in the form of urine and expels urine from the body

Digestive system

mechanically and chemically digests food materials absorbs nutrients and expels waste products

Male reproductive system

produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones such as testosterone and transfers sperm to the female

Female reproductive system

produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones such as estrogen and progesterone receives sperm from the male is the site of fertilization of the oocyte is the site of growth and development of the embryo and fetus and produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of the newborn

Anatomic position

common reference position in which the body stands upright with feet parallel and flat on the floor upper limbs at the sides of the body palms facing anteriorly head level and eyes looking forward

Section

actual cut or slice that exposes internal anatomy

Plane

imaginary flat surface passing through the body

Coronal plane (frontal plane)

vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse plane (cross-sectional plane)

horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

Midsagittal plane (median plane)

vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves

Sagittal plane

plane parallel to the midsagittal plane but located left or right of it that divides the body into unequal left and right portions

Oblique plane

plane that passes through a structure at an angle

Anterior

in front of or toward the front surface; example: the stomach is anterior to the spinal cord

Posterior

in back of or toward the back surface; example: the heart is posterior to the sternum

Dorsal

at the back side of the human body; example: the spinal cord is on the dorsal side of the body

Ventral

at the belly side of the human body; example: the umbilicus is on the ventral side of the body

Superior

closer to the head; example: the chest is superior to the pelvis

Inferior

closer to the feet; example: the stomach is inferior to the heart

Cranial (cephalic)

at the head end; example: the shoulders are cranial to the feet

Caudal

at the rear or tail end; example: the buttocks are caudal to the head

Rostral

toward the nose or mouth; example: the frontal lobe of the brain is rostral to the back of the head

Medial

toward the midline of the body; example: the lungs are medial to the shoulders

Lateral

away from the midline of the body; example: the arms are lateral to the heart

Deep

on the inside internal to another structure; example: the heart is deep to the rib cage

Superficial

on the outside; example: the skin is superficial to the biceps brachii muscle

Proximal

closer to the point of attachment to the trunk; example: the elbow is proximal to the hand

Distal

farther away from the point of attachment to the trunk; example: the wrist is distal to the elbow

Axial region

region of the body consisting of the head neck and trunk that forms the main vertical axis of the body

Appendicular region

region of the body consisting of the upper and lower limbs

Cephalic region

head region; includes the frontal orbital buccal nasal oral and mental areas

Frontal region

forehead area

Orbital region

eye area

Buccal region

cheek area

Nasal region

nose area

Oral region

mouth area

Mental region

chin area

Cervical region

neck region

Thoracic region (regional term)

chest region; includes the axillary mammary pectoral and sternal areas

Axillary region

armpit area

Mammary region

breast area

Pectoral region

chest area

Sternal region

area over the sternum

Abdominal region (regional term)

abdomen area

Pelvic region (regional term)

pelvis area including the coxal and inguinal areas

Coxal region

hip area

Inguinal region

groin area

Pubic region

area over the pubic bone

Upper extremity region

region including the deltoid brachial antecubital antebrachial carpal palmar and digital areas

Deltoid region

shoulder area

Brachial region

arm area

Antecubital region

front of the elbow area

Antebrachial region

forearm area

Carpal region

wrist area

Palmar region

palm area

Digital region (hand)

finger area

Lower extremity region

region including the femoral patellar popliteal crural tarsal and pes areas

Femoral region

thigh area

Patellar region

kneecap area

Popliteal region

back of the knee area

Crural region

leg area

Tarsal region

ankle area

Pes region

foot area; includes the dorsum of the foot and digital (toe) area

Occipital region

back of the head area

Auricular region

ear area

Vertebral region

spinal column area