ATP synthesis and Transporters (3/3)

ATP synthesis

process that requires the ETC

No

does the ETC require ATP synthesis

CN-

this chemical stops O2 consumption which interferes with the ETC and was used to show that without the ETC, ATP synthesis does not occur

Oligomycin

molecule that is an ATP synthase inhibitor

DNP

prevents the formation of a proton gradient and was used to decouple ATP synthesis and ETC to show that ETC doesn’t need ATP synthesis

F1

soluble complex in the matrix of ATP synthase which individually catalyzes the condensation of ADP and P

F0

integral membrane of ATP synthase that transports protons from IMS to matrix and that energy is transferred to the other subunit to catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP

Hexamer of alpha beta dimers

arrangement of F1 subunit of ATP synthase

Open

alpha beta dimer that is empty is called

Loose

alpha beta dimer that has ADP and Pi bound is called

Tight

alpha beta dimer that catalyzes the ATP formation and binds product is called

Gamma stalk

in the middle of the 3 dimers of the F1 ATP synthase subunit is a ____

3

translocation of __ protons fuels synthesis of 1 atp

Conformational change

this happens in the tight subunit promotes the condensation of ADP and P

Phosphate translocase

symporter needed for the fourth proton to bring across a H2PO4 for the P group needed to make ATP

Symporter

phosphate translocase is a ____

Adenine nucleotide translocase

antiporter needed to bring ATP out of the matrix and ADP into for ATP synthase

Antiporter

adenine nucleotide translocase is an _

Malate aspartate shuttle

used to transfer NADH from the IMS to the matrix

Malate dehydrogenase

enzyme to convert oxaloacetate to malate and this is reversible for the process of the malate aspartate shuttle

Oxaloacetate to malate, NAD+

in the IMS for the malate aspartate shuttle, malate dehydrogenase is taking ___ to _____ to produce _____

Malate to oxaloacetate, NADH

in the matrix for the malate asopartate shuttle, malate dehydrogenase is taking ___ to ____ to produce ____

Malate

reduced and takes e- from NADH and then brings it into the matrix via the malate alpha ketoglutarate transporter

Malate alpha ketoglutarate transporter

transporter used to take malate INTO the matrix

Oxaloacetate

this is remade in the matrix which we don’t want to buildup so we use transamination to make aspartate to bring it back out of the matrix

Aspartate aminotransferase

enzyme for the transamination to convert oxaloacetate to aspartate and vise versa

Glutamate-aspartate transporter

used to bring aspartate OUT of the matrix

Glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle

goal of this is to get electron carriers to the ETC bypassing complex 1

Cytosolic g3p dehydrogenase

converts NADH from glycolysis to G3P

Mitochondrial G3P dehydrogenase

uses G3P and converts it to DHAP while making FADH2 which can be used to make QH2 which can go to complex 3 of the ETC

30 or 32

net ATP made from oxidation of one glucose molecule

IF1

inhibitor of F1 during low oxygen levels in lower pH environment (when ETC is stalled)

PFK1

inhibition of ETC leads to NADH accumulation which causes feedback inhibition up to in glycolysis

Heat

ATP can be uncoupled from ETC to generate

Uncoupling protein 1

found in babies to generate heat and in hibernating animals