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Rank-order consistency
maintenance of individual differences in behavior or personality over time or across situations
people tend to maintain the ways in which they are different from other people of the same age (escalator)
temperament
term used for the “personality” of very young, pre-verbal children. Including basic attributes: activity level, emotional reactivity, and cheerfulness
Heterotypic Continuity
shows the consistency of fundamental differences in personality that changes with age (emotionally fragile child will behave/act differently than the emotionally fragile adult
Person-Environment Transactions
processes in which people respond to, seek out, and create environments that are compatible/magnify with their personality traits
Active Person-Environment Transaction
people seek situations that are compatible with their personalities, or avoid situations that they perceive incompatible.
Reactive Person-Environment Transaction
people with different personalities may react differently to the same situation
Evocative Person-Environment Transaction
people may change situations they encounter through behaviors that express their personality
Cumulative Continuity Principle
idea that personality becomes more stable and unchanging as a person gets older
Personality Development
change in personality over time, including the development of adult personality from childhood, and changes in personality over the life span
Cross-Sectional Study
study of personality development in which people of same ages are assessed at the same time
Cohort Effect
research finding can be limited to one group (cohort) of people, such as people living during a particular era or location
Longitudinal Study
study of personality development, the same people are assessed repeatedly over extended periods of time, even many years
Maturity Principle
idea that traits associated with effective functioning increase with age
Social Clock
traditional expectations of society for when a person is expected to have achieved certain goals. Starting a family or settling into a career
Narrative identity
the story one tells oneself about who one is
Principles of Personality Development
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Cumulative Continuity Principle
personality traits increase in rank-order consistency as people get older
Maturity Principle
people become better equipped to deal with the demands of life as they acquire experience and skills
Plasticity Principle
personality can change at any time (such change may not be easy)
Role Continuity Principle
taking on roles or images such as being “jock” or a “brain” can lead personality to be consistent over time
Identity Development Principle
people seek to develop a stable sense of who they are and then strive to act consistently with this self view
Social Investment Principle
changing social roles at different stages of life, such as becoming a spouse, parent, or boss, can cause personality to change
Corresponsive Principle
person-environment transactions can cause personality traits to remain consistent or even magnify over time
