A&P - Chapter 19 Exam Review questions with 100% correct answers (GUARANTEED SUCCESS )

name the major water compartments & the name for water in each of them

- chamber of heart & blood vessels (plasma)

- tissue spaces (tissue fluid)

- cells (intracellular fluid)

- lymph capillaries (lymph)

name 3 specialized body fluids & state the location of each

- cerebrospinal fluid (brain & spinal cord)

- synovial fluid (joints)

- aqueous humor (eyeball)

explain how water moves between compartments; name the processes

filtration & osmosis

describe the 3 sources of water for the body & the relative amounts of each

- ingestion of liquids (1600 mL per day)

- food we eat (700 mL per day)

- metabolic water produced by cell respiration (200 mL per day)

describe the pathways of water output

- urine

- sweat

- water vapor exhaled in air

- feces

which pathway of water output is most important

urine

what kinds of variations are possible in water output

water intake = water output

name the hormones that affect fluid volume & state the function of each

- ADH

Increases reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules

- Aldosterone

Increases reabsorption of Na+ ions by the kidney tubules

- ANP

Decreases reabsorption of Na+ ions by the kidneys

define electrolyte

chemicals that dissolve in water & dissociate into their positive & negative ions; most are the inorganic salts, acids, & bases found in all body fluids

define cation

positive ions (ex: Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Fe+2, & H+)

define anion

negative ions (ex: Cl-, HCO3-, sulfate, phosphate, & protein anions)

define osmosis

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

define osmolarity

concentration of dissolved materials present in a fluid

name the major electrolytes in plasma & state their functions

- Sodium

Creates much of the osmotic pressure of ECF; most abundant cation in ECF

Essential for electrical activity of neurons & muscle cells

- Chloride

Most abundant anion in ECF; diffuses easily into & out of cells; helps regulate osmotic pressure

Part of HCl in gastric juice

- Protein anions

name the major electrolytes in tissue fluid & state their functions

- Sodium

Creates much of the osmotic pressure of ECF; most abundant cation in ECF

Essential for electrical activity of neurons & muscle cells

- Chloride

Most abundant anion in ECF; diffuses easily into & out of cells; helps regulate osmotic pressure

Part of HCl in gastric juice

name the major electrolytes in intracellular fluid & state their functions

- Potassium

Creates much of the osmotic pressure in ICF; most abundant cation in ICF

Essential for electrical activity of neurons & muscle cells

- Phosphate

Most (85%) is found in bones & teeth

Primarily an ICF anion

Part of DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids

Part of phosphate buffer system

Protein anions

explain how the bicarbonate buffer system will react to buffer a strong acid

Strong acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate to produce salt (NaCl) that has no effect on pH & weak acid that has little effect of pH

NaOH + H2CO3 🠮 H2O + NaHCO3

explain how the phosphate buffer system will react to buffer a strong acid

Strong acid reacts with sodium monohydrogen phosphate to produce a salt that has no effect on pH & a weak acid that has little effect on pH

HCl + Na2HPO4 🠮 NaCl + NaH2PO4

explain why an amino acid may act as either an acid or a base

- Amino acids can act as an acid because it can donate excess hydrogen ion from the fluid to counteract increasing alkalinity

- Amino acids can act as a base because it can pick up an excess hydrogen ion from the fluid to counteract increasing acidity

describe the respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis

Increased respirations to exhale CO2

describe the respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis

Decreased respirations to retain CO2

if the body fluids are becoming too acidic: what ions will the kidneys excrete? what ions will the kidneys return to the blood?

- Kidneys remove H+ ions from blood

- Kidneys excrete H+ ions in urine

- Kidneys create new bicarbonate ions and return them to the blood

which of the pH regulatory mechanisms works most rapidly

buffer systems

which of the pH regulatory mechanisms works most slowly

renal

which of the pH regulatory mechanisms has the greatest capacity to buffer an ongoing pH change

renal

which of the pH regulatory mechanisms has the least capacity to buffer an ongoing pH change

buffer systems

describe the effects of acidosis

Depresses synaptic transmission in the CNS; result is confusion, coma, & death

describe the effects of alkalosis

Increases synaptic transmission in the CNS & PNS; result is irritability, muscle spasms, & convulsions

list the 4 functions of water

- transports substances to and from cells

- aids in heat regulation

- assists in H+ balance in the body

- a medium (solution) for enzymatic action of digestion

who are the individuals that are more affected by changes in fluid balance

infants & elderly

List the reasons why some individuals are more affected by changes in fluid balance

- infants & elderly dehydrate more quickly

- infants' kidneys reabsorb less fluid

- elderly have less ADH & diminished thirst

what are signs of dehydration

- thirst

- weakness

- dizziness

- postural hypotension

- decreased urine production

- concentrated urine

- dry, cracked lips

- dry mucous membranes

- thick saliva

- dry, scaly skin

- poor tissue turgor

- flat neck veins

- low BP

- weak, thready pulse

- elevated temperature

a decrease in osmolarity 🠮 blood is (?)

dilute

an increase in osmolarity 🠮 blood is (?)

concentrated

2 largest parts of body (in this chapter/section)

water & electrolytes

most important buffer system in cells

protein buffer system

cellular fluid 🠮 too alkaline = (?)

amino acids donate

cellular fluid 🠮 too acidic = (?)

amino acids pick up

charge of cations

+ positive

charge of anions

- negative

ADH decreases when ...

there's too much water in the body

true/false: diarrhea & vomiting can cause dehydration

true

most water is lost through (?)

urine

regulates the water in the body

hypothalamus

metabolic water is the result of (?)

cell respiration

in osmosis, fluids moves from ...

an area of low concentration of water to an area of high salt concentration

intracellular fluid makes up (?) of the body

2/3

extracellular fluid makes up (?) of the body

1/3

possible causes of metabolic acidosis

- kidney disease

- ketosis

- diarrhea

- vomiting

possible causes of metabolic alkalosis

- overingestion of bicarbonate medications

- gastric suctioning

possible causes of respiratory acidosis

decreased rate or efficiency of respiration:

- emphysema

- asthma

- pneumonia

- paralysis of respiratory muscles

possible causes of respiratory alkalosis

increased rate of respiration:

- anxiety

- high altitude

compensation for respiratory acidosis

kidneys excrete H+ ions & reabsorb Na+ ions & bicarbonate ions

compensation for respiratory alkalosis

kidneys retain H+ ions & excrete Na+ ions & bicarbonate ions

the bicarbonate buffer system is important in both (?) & (?)

blood & tissue fluid

the phosphate buffer system is important in (?)

the regulation of the pH of the blood by the kidneys

the protein buffer system is the most important one in (?)

the intracellular fluid

equation that represents the correct depiction of the bicarb-carbonic acid relationship

H+ + HCO3- ⮂ H2CO3 ⮂ CO2 + H2O

(hydrogen + bicarbonate ⮂ carbonic acid ⮂ carbon dioxide + water)

when there is an increased number of H+ in the bloodstream, an increased production of (?) occurs

CO2

when there is an increased production of CO2 occurring, total minute ventilation will (?)

increase

what is the normal range of arterial pH

7.35 - 7.45

pH must be maintained with a narrow limit because an alteration in pH can significantly alter (?)

enzyme function

what are the 2 body organs responsible for the expression "the physiological buffer system"

lungs & kidneys

renal regulation of pH is generally a bit (?) than respiratory regulation of pH

slower

HCO3- (bicarbonate) is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule indirectly as (?)

CO2

if the pH is 7.2, the situation at the kidney will be one of (?) secretion of H+

increased

a pH of 7.2 accompanying a [HCO3-] of 31 mEq/L would be an example of what type of acid-base disorder

respiratory acidosis

a pH of 7.6 accompanying a [HCO3-] of 31 mEq/L would be an example of what type of acid-base disorder

metabolic alkalosis

fluid found in tissue spaces between cells

tissue fluid

fluid found in blood vessels

plasma

fluid found in lymph vessels

lymph

location of cerebrospinal fluid

around & within the CNS

location of aqueous humor

within the eyeball

location of synovial fluid

within joint cavities

location of serous fluid

between membranes such as the pleural membranes

specialized cells in the hypothalamus that detect changes in the osmolarity of body fluids

osmoreceptors

when the body is dehydrated, the osmolarity of body fluids (?) because there is (?) dissolved material in proportion to water

increases; more

after drinking liquids during dehydration, as water is absorbed by the digestive tract, the osmolarity of the body fluids (?) or (?) toward normal

decreases; decreases

the hormone (?) is produced by the hypothalamus & stored in the (?) pituitary gland

ADH; posterior

function of ADH

increase reabsorption of water by the kidneys

what type of situation is ADH secreted

dehydration

in dehydration, ADH effects cause urinary output to (?)

decrease

the hormone aldosterone is produced by the (?) & (?) the reabsorption of (?) by the (?)

adrenal cortex; increases; sodium ions; kidney tubules

what are 2 types of situations that stimulate the secretion of aldosterone

- when Na+ ion concentration of blood decreases

- when there's a significant decrease in BP

if there is too much water in the body, the secretion of ADH will (?) & urinary output will

decrease; increase

if blood volume or BP increases, the heart will produce the hormone (?), which will (?) the excretion of sodium ions & water

ANP; increase

when electrolytes are in water, they dissociate into their (?)

positive & negative ions

most electrolytes are (?) molecules that includes (?), (?), & (?)

inorganic; salts, acids, & bases

electrolytes help create the (?) of body fluids & help regulate the (?) of water between water compartments

osmolarity; osmosis

water will move by osmosis to a compartment with a (?) concentration of electrolytes

greater

intracellular fluid:

- most abundant cation:

- most abundant anion:

- potassium

- phosphate & proteins

tissue fluid:

- most abundant cation:

- most abundant anion:

- protein anions:

- sodium

- chloride

- few

plasma:

- most abundant cation:

- most abundant anion:

- protein anions:

- sodium

- chloride

- many

aldosterone

increases the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys; increases the excretion of potassium by the kidneys

calcitonin

increases the removal of calcium & phosphorus from the blood & into bones

parathyroid hormone

increases the reabsorption of calcium & phosphorus from the bones to the blood

ANP

increases the excretion of sodium by the kidneys

to compensate for a state of acidosis, the kidneys will excrete (?) ions & will conserve (?) ions & (?) ions

hydrogen; sodium; bicarbonate

to compensate for a state of alkalosis, the kidneys will excrete (?) ions & (?) ions & will conserve (?) ions

sodium; bicarbonate; hydrogen

how long does it take the kidneys to respond to pH change

a few hours to a few days