Emerging Powers - Quiz 1

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88 Terms

1

power

ability to make others do something they would not otherwise do

  • exercised through institutions

    • social systems that structure behavior

    • may be formal or informal

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2

social system

involves multiple people interacting with one another, becomes a routine, strictly structured

  • some people have more power and others have less

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3

coercion

power based on force

  • intimidate: make people fear the state

  • surveil: spy agencies; societal “minders”

  • suppress: harsh punishments for critics; corrupt elections

  • kill opposition

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4

authority

power based on legitimacy; people consent to be governed

  • more cost effective

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5

legitimacy

leader is rightful, proper for that person to be in charge

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traditional legitimacy

leaders selected pursuant to “age-old” practice; invent tradition to gain legitimacy

  • leadership succession = bloodline

  • common? = relatively uncommon

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charismatic legitimacy

leaders selected based on exceptional personal qualities

  • leadership succession = hard for a leader to be succeeded

  • common? = very rare

  • EX: Gandhi & Dalai Lama

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8

rational-legal legitimacy

leaders selected based on clear, usually written laws/procedures; leader is in office because rules were followed to place them in power

  • leadership succession = clear who wins

  • common? = very common in democracy and common in authoritarian govts

  • EX: US & India

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9

performance legitimacy

leaders selected based on ability to achieve societal goals; people believe the party is helping them do better

  • leadership succession = performance important in all regimes; dictatorships

  • common? = not very

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10

country

(geographic/territorial) within borders

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11

government

the individuals in positions of power

  • change methods = elections & voting

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12

state

actual institutions of politics

  • EX: presidency, prime minister, Congress

  • change methods = law making & constitutional amendments

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13

regime

system of power within a country

  • change methods = violence/revolution

  • EX: French Rev., Dissolution of USSR, & South African Apartheid

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14

nation

common identity (ideas & ethnicity) that people share, unified purpose

  1. ethnicity - EX: Slovakia & Czech

  2. ideas - EX: US

  • change methods = succession

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15

nation vs. state

  • one nation corresponds with one state’s borders

    • nation and state go hand in hand

    • EX: Japan, China, & US

  • one nation does not correspond with one state’s borders

    • nation and state do not go hand in hand

    • EX: India, Nigeria, Hungary, & Kurds

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16

direct democracy

all people getting together and voting on issues they want to see addressed

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17

referendum

in addition to candidates, ballots have paragraphs about policy issues to vote on

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18

indirect democracy

voters only vote for candidates for public office, then the candidates will focus on public policy

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19

competitive elections

  • regular elections

  • choice of candidates

  • free expression for all candidates

  • fairness for all candidates

  • universal adult suffrage

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20

equal weighing of votes

greater value in choosing Senators when living in less densely populated states

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21

majority rule

the majority doesn’t necessarily when electing presidents

  • the Electoral College can disagree with the Popular Vote

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22

rights

speech, association, religion, press, protest

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23

rule of law

no one is above the law, the law is the pinnacle in society

  • constitution

  • courts

  • judicial autonomy

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24

rule by law

(non-democratic) use law, constitutions and courts, to oppress people

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tyranny of majority

in democracies it is possible for the majority rule to support bad things

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liberal democracies

put limits on the majority to protect individuals and minorities

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27

GDP

total goods and services produced in the country divided by the # of people in the country

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28

is there a relationship between democracy and wealth?

it is hard to come up with a clear statement about the relationship between democracy and wealth

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29

is there a relationship between democracy and capitalism?

democratic capitalist theories

  • necessity and compatibility

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30

necessity theory

need capitalism to have a democracy

  • as people become wealthier, they will demand for more freedoms

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compatibility theory

capitalism and democracy get along

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32

presidential democracy

  • citizens vote for Legislators & Executive

  • separation of personnel among branches

    • POTUS and Cabinet members are completely separate from the legislature

  • separation of powers among branches

  • fixed government terms

  • EX: US & Nigeria

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33

parliamentary democracy

  • no citizen vote for Executive (PM), citizens only vote for Legislature (MPs)

  • fusion of personnel among branches

    • PM and Cabinet members are full members of Parliament

  • fusion of powers among branches

  • government terms not certain

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coalition governments

political parties cut deals with one another to reach a majority

  • made up of political parties

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no-confidence vote

MPs vote that the PM does not have the confidence of the parliament; a new election is held for the entire country, on MPs

  • can happen anytime during the term

  • often respond to the constituents feelings

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first-past-the-post (FPTP)

in any single district you just need the most votes to win

  • plurality (most) votes wins districts

  • do not need 50%

  • most common in presidential democracies

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proportional representation (PR)

  1. vote for party, not a candidate

  2. % of votes for the party determines how many seats for each party

  3. the # of MPs for each party is proportional to the # of votes per party

  • single national vote for parties, not individual candidates

  • most common in parliamentary style democracies

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38

state capacity

whether or not a state can develop and implement policy quickly and efficiently

  • strong states have high capacity

    • EX: parliamentary

  • weak states have love capacity

    • EX: US

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39

state autonomy

the extent to which institutions of power (state) can act without influence from society

  • strong states have high autonomy

    • EX: China

  • weak states have low autonomy

    • EX: US

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40

too strong a state can lead to…

authoritarian governments

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41

too weak a state can lead to…

fragile/failed states

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42

fragile & failed states

the government in the capital has very little power & legitimacy

  • little security to citizens

  • few basic goods/services

  • little law

  • little legitimacy

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43

electoral authoritarianism

allow elections to take place, but are authoritarian in nature

  • basic rights are repressed - speech, press, religion, association, assembly

  • independent judiciaries are present

  • EX: Russia & Iran

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44

authoritarian

single leader, single political party

  • limited to political control

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45

totalitarian

single leader, single political party

  • try to control all aspects of society, economy, & politics

    • more dangerous to people’s survival

  • EX: Mao’s Communist China

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46

military non-democracy

  • based on coercion

  • not motivated by ideas

  • not fully totalitarian

  • EX: Sani Abacha = Nigeria

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47

party (one party state) non-democracy

  • based on coercion + authority

  • motivated by ideas

    • belief that the party is the best

  • can be both authoritarian and totalitarian

  • EX: Mao = China

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48

personalist non-democracy

  • involve coercion

  • can have ideologies that develop

  • involve a charismatic leader who create strong cults of personality

  • EX: Juan & Evita Peron = Argentina

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racial/ethnic non-democracy

  • hugely depend on coercion based on the group the dictatorship is organized against

    • fear mongering against internal enemies

  • EX: Apartheid South Africa

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theoretic non-democracy

  • based on coercion & religious/ideological ideologies

  • ideological & religious indoctrination which keeps people giving their consent

  • EX: Iran

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51

import substitution policy

instead of importing goods, countries produce them domestically

  • if a country could create new industries, then they could jump forward in development

    • a lot more expensive initially

  • requires a lot of state involvement

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protectionism

protecting an infant industry from foreign competition

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tariffs

taxes on foreign trade

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autarky

trying to be completely independent and only rely on goods produced in one’s country

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55

export led

  • produce domestically what developed countries need - and sell it to them cheaply

    1. start with low value/low tech products

    2. earn foreign currency through exports

    3. slowly shift to higher value products

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56

BRICS

Brazil

Russia

India

China

South Africa

  • using primarily domestic development politics

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57

foreign aid

occurred b/c there was a real need for the development of these countries

  • major inequalities among countries

  • major inequalities within countries

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58

Gini coefficient

how we measure inequalities within countries

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bi-lateral foreign development policies

from one country to another

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60

multi-lateral foreign development policies

a MNC gathers money from multiple countries and disperses it

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economic development assistance

loans given over long periods of time to help a country develop

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62

foreign aid sources

  • wealthy nations (bi-lateral)

  • International Financial Institutions (IFIs) (multi-lateral)

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63

foreign aid types

  • humanitarian aid

  • economic development assistance

  • military (security) assistance

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64

foreign aid doctrine (nation-to-nation aid)

  • usually tied to strategic interests of donor nations

  • often “string” attached: meeting donor policy goals

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history of development aid

  • developed countries gave a lot of aid to developing countries

  • many countries who received this aid did not become developed

  • instead they became corrupt and the enlargement of government bureaucracies

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loan crisis

countries couldn’t pay the loans

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structural adjustment programs

lenders told borrowers that they could have another 30 years if they reduced government sector jobs, if not they had to pay back the loan immediately

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foreign aid: large or small?

  • aid as % of developed world GDPs = very small

  • aid as % of developing worlds GDPs = significant part of the economy

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aid promoters

if we give enough aid, these countries will become developed

  • more aid needed

  • aid jumpstarts growth locally and nationally

  • aid creates sustainable economies

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chronic poverty

everyday, all the time poverty

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UN SDGs

promoted by the UN to encourage development

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aid detractors

aid at the elite level can create corruption and aid can create a dependency on foreign nations at the grassroots level

  • aid creates dependency

  • aid undermines local production

  • aid encourages corruption, slowing growth

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field experiments

try and figure out what amount and what kind of aid works

  • have traditional and control villages to monitor development

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74

ethic identity

  • shared cultural practices among a group

    • may include religion, language

    • OBJECTIVE - easily observable by outsider

  • shared beliefs among a group

    • in the mind

    • SUBJECTIVE - often expressed publicly, politicized

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ascription

identity assigned at birth; relatively fixed during lifetime

  • may be assigned by the group - or by others

    • being assigned by others can be very harmful

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national identity

identity held by members of a state or wanna-be state

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nationalism/patriotism

pride in one’s nation (for nations without states, desire for own state)

  • America’s patriotism is a form of nationalism

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future of ethnic identitiesv- post-WWII

when colonizers were leaving the countries they colonized, they believed that ethnic identities would disappear as modernization occurred

  • a single national identity would form

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future of ethnic identities - today

realization that these identities are resilient, politically important - and modern

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80

minority-led conflict

smallest or least powerful group leading

  • self-determination

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self-determination

autonomy (in state) & independence (from state) from another state

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majority-led conflict

largest or most powerful group leading

  • exclusion

  • removal

  • genocide

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ethnic cleansing

dispelling people from a country

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genocide

killing people from one group

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85

primordial (bottom-up) theory

people in many societies have strong ethnic identities rooted in their psyche, drives them to take political action against another group

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86

primordial (table)

individual’s identity with group: strong

amount of group intermarriage: small

history of group conflict: long history

role of ethnic elites in conflict: minor

suggested solution to ethnic conflict: nothing; get to the roots

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instrumental (top-down) theory

people identify with their ethnic groups, but when it comes to politics people don’t put so much emphasis on their own ethnic group

  • instead ethnic elites within the ethnic group convince the people to value the group more

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instrumental (table)

individual’s identity with group: weak

amount of group intermarriage: large

history of group conflict: small; sporadic; manipulating ethnic elite

role of ethnic elites in conflict: major

suggested solution to ethnic conflict: convince/remove ethnic elites

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