Emerging Powers - Quiz 1

power

power

ability to make others do something they would not otherwise do

• exercised through institutions

  • social systems that structure behavior

  • may be formal or informal

social system

involves multiple people interacting with one another, becomes a routine, strictly structured

• some people have more power and others have less

coercion

power based on force

• intimidate: make people fear the state

• surveil: spy agencies; societal “minders”

• suppress: harsh punishments for critics; corrupt elections

• kill opposition

authority

power based on legitimacy; people consent to be governed

• more cost effective

legitimacy

leader is rightful, proper for that person to be in charge

traditional legitimacy

leaders selected pursuant to “age-old” practice; invent tradition to gain legitimacy

• leadership succession = bloodline

• common? = relatively uncommon

charismatic legitimacy

leaders selected based on exceptional personal qualities

• leadership succession = hard for a leader to be succeeded

• common? = very rare

• EX: Gandhi & Dalai Lama

rational-legal legitimacy

leaders selected based on clear, usually written laws/procedures; leader is in office because rules were followed to place them in power

• leadership succession = clear who wins

• common? = very common in democracy and common in authoritarian govts

• EX: US & India

performance legitimacy

leaders selected based on ability to achieve societal goals; people believe the party is helping them do better

• leadership succession = performance important in all regimes; dictatorships

• common? = not very

country

(geographic/territorial) within borders

government

the individuals in positions of power

• change methods = elections & voting

state

actual institutions of politics

• EX: presidency, prime minister, Congress

• change methods = law making & constitutional amendments

regime

system of power within a country

• change methods = violence/revolution

• EX: French Rev., Dissolution of USSR, & South African Apartheid

nation

common identity (ideas & ethnicity) that people share, unified purpose

1. ethnicity - EX: Slovakia & Czech

2. ideas - EX: US

• change methods = succession

nation vs. state

• one nation corresponds with one state’s borders

  • nation and state go hand in hand

  • EX: Japan, China, & US

• one nation does not correspond with one state’s borders

  • nation and state do not go hand in hand

  • EX: India, Nigeria, Hungary, & Kurds

direct democracy

all people getting together and voting on issues they want to see addressed

referendum

in addition to candidates, ballots have paragraphs about policy issues to vote on

indirect democracy

voters only vote for candidates for public office, then the candidates will focus on public policy

competitive elections

• regular elections

• choice of candidates

• free expression for all candidates

• fairness for all candidates

• universal adult suffrage

equal weighing of votes

greater value in choosing Senators when living in less densely populated states

majority rule

the majority doesn’t necessarily when electing presidents

• the Electoral College can disagree with the Popular Vote

rights

speech, association, religion, press, protest

rule of law

no one is above the law, the law is the pinnacle in society

• constitution

• courts

• judicial autonomy

rule by law

(non-democratic) use law, constitutions and courts, to oppress people

tyranny of majority

in democracies it is possible for the majority rule to support bad things

liberal democracies

put limits on the majority to protect individuals and minorities

GDP

total goods and services produced in the country divided by the # of people in the country

is there a relationship between democracy and wealth?

it is hard to come up with a clear statement about the relationship between democracy and wealth

is there a relationship between democracy and capitalism?

democratic capitalist theories

• necessity and compatibility

necessity theory

need capitalism to have a democracy

• as people become wealthier, they will demand for more freedoms

compatibility theory

capitalism and democracy get along

presidential democracy

• citizens vote for Legislators & Executive

• separation of personnel among branches

  • POTUS and Cabinet members are completely separate from the legislature

• separation of powers among branches

• fixed government terms

• EX: US & Nigeria

parliamentary democracy

• no citizen vote for Executive (PM), citizens only vote for Legislature (MPs)

• fusion of personnel among branches

  • PM and Cabinet members are full members of Parliament

• fusion of powers among branches

• government terms not certain

coalition governments

political parties cut deals with one another to reach a majority

• made up of political parties

no-confidence vote

MPs vote that the PM does not have the confidence of the parliament; a new election is held for the entire country, on MPs

• can happen anytime during the term

• often respond to the constituents feelings

first-past-the-post (FPTP)

in any single district you just need the most votes to win

• plurality (most) votes wins districts

• do not need 50%

• most common in presidential democracies

proportional representation (PR)

1. vote for party, not a candidate

2. % of votes for the party determines how many seats for each party

3. the # of MPs for each party is proportional to the # of votes per party

• single national vote for parties, not individual candidates

• most common in parliamentary style democracies

state capacity

whether or not a state can develop and implement policy quickly and efficiently

• strong states have high capacity

  • EX: parliamentary

• weak states have love capacity

  • EX: US

state autonomy

the extent to which institutions of power (state) can act without influence from society

• strong states have high autonomy

  • EX: China

• weak states have low autonomy

  • EX: US

too strong a state can lead to…

authoritarian governments

too weak a state can lead to…

fragile/failed states

fragile & failed states

the government in the capital has very little power & legitimacy

• little security to citizens

• few basic goods/services

• little law

• little legitimacy

electoral authoritarianism

allow elections to take place, but are authoritarian in nature

• basic rights are repressed - speech, press, religion, association, assembly

• independent judiciaries are present

• EX: Russia & Iran

authoritarian

single leader, single political party

• limited to political control

totalitarian

single leader, single political party

• try to control all aspects of society, economy, & politics

  • more dangerous to people’s survival

• EX: Mao’s Communist China

military non-democracy

• based on coercion

• not motivated by ideas

• not fully totalitarian

• EX: Sani Abacha = Nigeria

party (one party state) non-democracy

• based on coercion + authority

• motivated by ideas

  • belief that the party is the best

• can be both authoritarian and totalitarian

• EX: Mao = China

personalist non-democracy

• involve coercion

• can have ideologies that develop

• involve a charismatic leader who create strong cults of personality

• EX: Juan & Evita Peron = Argentina

racial/ethnic non-democracy

• hugely depend on coercion based on the group the dictatorship is organized against

  • fear mongering against internal enemies

• EX: Apartheid South Africa

theoretic non-democracy

• based on coercion & religious/ideological ideologies

• ideological & religious indoctrination which keeps people giving their consent

• EX: Iran

import substitution policy

instead of importing goods, countries produce them domestically

• if a country could create new industries, then they could jump forward in development

  • a lot more expensive initially

• requires a lot of state involvement

protectionism

protecting an infant industry from foreign competition

tariffs

taxes on foreign trade

autarky

trying to be completely independent and only rely on goods produced in one’s country

export led

• produce domestically what developed countries need - and sell it to them cheaply

  1. start with low value/low tech products

  2. earn foreign currency through exports

  3. slowly shift to higher value products

BRICS

Brazil

Russia

India

China

South Africa

• using primarily domestic development politics

foreign aid

occurred b/c there was a real need for the development of these countries

• major inequalities among countries

• major inequalities within countries

Gini coefficient

how we measure inequalities within countries

bi-lateral foreign development policies

from one country to another

multi-lateral foreign development policies

a MNC gathers money from multiple countries and disperses it

economic development assistance

loans given over long periods of time to help a country develop

foreign aid sources

• wealthy nations (bi-lateral)

• International Financial Institutions (IFIs) (multi-lateral)

foreign aid types

• humanitarian aid

• economic development assistance

• military (security) assistance

foreign aid doctrine (nation-to-nation aid)

• usually tied to strategic interests of donor nations

• often “string” attached: meeting donor policy goals

history of development aid

• developed countries gave a lot of aid to developing countries

• many countries who received this aid did not become developed

• instead they became corrupt and the enlargement of government bureaucracies

loan crisis

countries couldn’t pay the loans

structural adjustment programs

lenders told borrowers that they could have another 30 years if they reduced government sector jobs, if not they had to pay back the loan immediately

foreign aid: large or small?

• aid as % of developed world GDPs = very small

• aid as % of developing worlds GDPs = significant part of the economy

aid promoters

if we give enough aid, these countries will become developed

• more aid needed

• aid jumpstarts growth locally and nationally

• aid creates sustainable economies

chronic poverty

everyday, all the time poverty

UN SDGs

promoted by the UN to encourage development

aid detractors

aid at the elite level can create corruption and aid can create a dependency on foreign nations at the grassroots level

• aid creates dependency

• aid undermines local production

• aid encourages corruption, slowing growth

field experiments

try and figure out what amount and what kind of aid works

• have traditional and control villages to monitor development

ethic identity

• shared cultural practices among a group

  • may include religion, language

  • OBJECTIVE - easily observable by outsider

• shared beliefs among a group

  • in the mind

  • SUBJECTIVE - often expressed publicly, politicized

ascription

identity assigned at birth; relatively fixed during lifetime

• may be assigned by the group - or by others

  • being assigned by others can be very harmful

national identity

identity held by members of a state or wanna-be state

nationalism/patriotism

pride in one’s nation (for nations without states, desire for own state)

• America’s patriotism is a form of nationalism

future of ethnic identitiesv- post-WWII

when colonizers were leaving the countries they colonized, they believed that ethnic identities would disappear as modernization occurred

• a single national identity would form

future of ethnic identities - today

realization that these identities are resilient, politically important - and modern

minority-led conflict

smallest or least powerful group leading

• self-determination

self-determination

autonomy (in state) & independence (from state) from another state

majority-led conflict

largest or most powerful group leading

• exclusion

• removal

• genocide

ethnic cleansing

dispelling people from a country

genocide

killing people from one group

primordial (bottom-up) theory

people in many societies have strong ethnic identities rooted in their psyche, drives them to take political action against another group

primordial (table)

individual’s identity with group: strong

amount of group intermarriage: small

history of group conflict: long history

role of ethnic elites in conflict: minor

suggested solution to ethnic conflict: nothing; get to the roots

instrumental (top-down) theory

people identify with their ethnic groups, but when it comes to politics people don’t put so much emphasis on their own ethnic group

• instead ethnic elites within the ethnic group convince the people to value the group more

instrumental (table)

individual’s identity with group: weak

amount of group intermarriage: large

history of group conflict: small; sporadic; manipulating ethnic elite

role of ethnic elites in conflict: major

suggested solution to ethnic conflict: convince/remove ethnic elites