L11 Social

What percentage of psychology studies successfully replicate overall and in top journals?

About 39 percent of psychology studies replicate overall and only 54 percent replicate even in the very top journals.

Is the replication crisis unique to psychology?

No replication problems appear across fields including drug studies 11 percent highly cited clinical research 59 percent genetic studies 44 percent and economics studies 25 percent.

What sample size was historically considered standard for a study group and why is this problematic?

20 to 30 participants per group which creates under powered designs with a poor chance of reliably detecting real effects.

What is stopping data collection early as a questionable practice?

Ending data collection as soon as a hypothesis appears supported rather than following a predetermined sample size.

What does dropping conditions or dependent variables mean as a research practice issue?

Failing to report study conditions or measured variables that did not support the hypothesis.

What is the problem with removing outliers in data analysis?

Outliers are sometimes removed selectively because they do not fit the hypothesis rather than for legitimate statistical reasons biasing results.

What is the concern with exploratory moderators and covariates in analysis?

They may not have been predicted in advance may not make theoretical sense and can artificially produce significant p values.

What is p hacking?

Running multiple statistical tests on the same data until a significant result is found by chance.

What is HARKing?

Hypothesizing after results are known presenting exploratory findings as if they were predicted in advance.

What is cherry picking in research?

Selectively reporting data that fits the hypothesis while ignoring or removing data that does not.

What is data fabrication?

Creating entirely fake data to support a hypothesis the most severe form of research misconduct.

Why is HARKing considered a violation of the scientific method even if findings align with theory?

Because it presents exploratory findings as confirmatory increasing the risk of Type I error false positives.

What is the key difference between exploratory research questions and HARKing?

Exploratory questions are transparently open ended and ideally pre registered while HARKing disguises them as pre planned hypotheses.

What controversial paper by Daryl Bem 2011 helped trigger the replication crisis?

"Feeling the Future" which claimed evidence for precognition.

What did Simmons and colleagues False Positive Psychology 2011 demonstrate?

That questionable research practices can make almost any hypothesis appear statistically significant.

What happened with Diederik Stapel in 2011?

He was caught fabricating and manipulating datasets leading to 58 publications being retracted.

What percentage of published psychology results are positive findings indicating publication bias?

Approximately 92 percent.

What percentage of studies share their data openly and what does this indicate?

Less than 30 percent reflecting low transparency in the field.

What is novelty bias in academic publishing?

Preference for publishing novel findings over replications leading to very few replication attempts.

What is the Open Science Framework OSF and when did it launch?

A platform launched in 2012 that enables pre registration data sharing and transparent research practices.

What can be pre registered using OSF or AsPredicted?

Study design hypotheses materials analysis plans and exclusion criteria.

Who founded the Open Science Framework and what was their background?

Brian Nosek a researcher in implicit bias who shifted toward improving scientific practices after replication concerns.

What was the outcome of the 2015 multi lab replication project?

Only 36 percent of studies successfully replicated.

In the pen in mouth facial feedback replication what changed that may explain failure?

Video recording increased self consciousness and likely disrupted the effect.

According to Baumeister why might replications fail?

Fraud flukes operational failures or insufficient participant engagement.

What statistical outcome indicates a non significant replication?

A confidence interval containing zero indicating p greater than .05.

What does the Mood Behavior Model propose about mood and manipulation effectiveness?

Negative mood or boredom reduces effort making experimental manipulations less effective.

How can researchers boost participant effort according to the Mood Behavior Model?

By increasing perceived choice which increases engagement.

What is ecological validity and why is it a concern?

The extent lab findings generalize to real world contexts and lab studies may not always generalize.

What is the issue with using confederates in experiments?

Live confederates may be inconsistent or unconvincing compared to virtual ones.

What are advantages of VR in social psychology research?

High consistency scalability immersion and easier experimental control.

Why is social desirability a concern in research?

Participants may give biased answers to appear favorable especially on sensitive topics.

What are common ways to operationalize psychological constructs?

Self report physiological measures reaction time tasks and behavioral paradigms.

Why are biological measures important in social psychology research?

They capture automatic responses and reduce social desirability bias.

What does the Neurovisceral Integration Model propose?

Brain body heart systems are interconnected and continuously influence one another.

How was evaluative conditioning applied in the Heart Phone app?

Pairing exercise images with positive stimuli increased exercise behavior through association.

How was evaluative conditioning gamified in smartphone interventions?

Using games like card matching or word puzzles pairing positive and exercise related stimuli.

How can wearable technology be used to track stress?

By detecting physiological signals and delivering real time interventions via apps.

According to the Biopsychosocial Model what defines a challenge response?

When perceived resources exceed demands producing a positive stress response.

According to the Biopsychosocial Model what defines a threat response?

When perceived demands exceed resources producing a negative physiological response.

Why do people often experience threat responses even when capable?

They overestimate demands and underestimate coping resources often influenced by physiological arousal.

What physiological effects occur during a threat response?

Increased cortisol blood pressure and reduced blood flow affecting performance.

What is the core idea of reappraisal interventions for stress?

Reframing interpretation of stress can shift responses from threat to challenge.