Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for Anatomy and Physiology final exam review.

Skeletal Muscle

Attached to bones or facial muscles, striated.

Cardiac Muscle

Walls of the heart, contains intercalated disks, striated.

Smooth Muscle

Walls of hollow organs (not the heart), single, fusiform, uninucleate, not striated.

Actin

Filament that slides past myosin during muscle contraction.

Myosin

Filament that interacts with actin to cause sarcomeres to shorten.

Sarcomere

The functional unit of muscle contraction.

Fusiform Muscles

Muscles with fascicles running parallel to the long axis, creating a spindle-like shape.

Convergent Muscles

Muscles with fascicles originating from a broad area and converging on a single tendon.

Circular Muscles (Sphincters)

Muscles with fascicles arranged concentrically around an opening.

Unipennate Muscles

Muscles with fascicles attaching to one side of a central tendon.

Bipennate Muscles

Muscles with fascicles attaching to both sides of a central tendon.

Multipennate Muscles

Muscles with fascicles attaching to multiple tendons that converge towards a common tendon.

Origin (Muscle)

The attachment site of a muscle that generally remains stationary during muscle contraction.

Insertion (Muscle)

The attachment site of a muscle that moves during muscle contraction.

Action (Muscle)

he movement a muscle produces when it contracts.

Neuromuscular Junction

The structure where nerve signals are transmitted to the muscle, leading to muscle contraction.

Motor Unit

A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates.

Epimysium

Connective tissue covering the entire muscle.

Perimysium

Connective tissue surrounding muscle fascicles (bundles of muscle cells).

Endomysium

Connective tissue surrounding individual muscle cells (fibers).

Frontalis

Muscle that raises eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead.

Orbicularis Oculi

Muscle that closes the eyelids.

Orbicularis Oris

Muscle that closes and puckers the lips.

Buccinator

Muscle that compresses cheeks against the teeth.

Zygomaticus

Muscle that elevates the corner of the mouth (smiling).

Masseter

Muscle that closes the jaw.

Temporalis

Muscle that closes the jaw.

Sternocleidomastoid

Muscle that rotates the neck left and right and flexes the neck.

Pectoralis Major

Muscle that flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus.

Rectus Abdominis

Muscle that flexes the vertebral column at the waist.

External Abdominal Oblique

Muscle that flexes the vertebral column at the waist, rotates the torso, and laterally flexes the vertebral column.

Trapezius

Muscle that elevates the scapula and extends the neck.

Rhomboid Major

Muscle that adducts the scapula.

Rhomboid Minor

Muscle that elevates and adducts the scapula.

Supraspinatus

Muscle that abducts the shoulder.

Infraspinatus

Muscle that laterally rotates the arm.

Teres Major

Muscle that adducts and medially rotates the arm.

Latissimus Dorsi

Muscle that adducts, extends, and internally rotates the shoulder.

Deltoid

Muscle that flexes, medially rotates, and abducts the shoulder.

Biceps Brachii

Muscle that flexes the elbow and the shoulder.

Triceps Brachii

Muscle that extends the elbow.

Brachialis

Muscle that flexes the elbow.

Pronator Teres

Muscle that flexes the elbow.

Palmaris Longus

Muscle that flexes the wrist and elbow.

Vastus Lateralis

Muscle that extends the knee.

Vastus Medialis

Muscle that extends the knee.

Rectus Femoris

Muscle that extends the knee and flexes the hip.

Tibialis Anterior

Muscle that dorsiflexes the foot.

Biceps Femoris

Muscle that flexes the knee and extends the thigh at the hip.

Semitendinosus

Muscle that flexes the knee and extends the thigh at the hip.

Semimembranosus

Muscle that flexes the knee and extends the thigh at the hip.

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Muscle that flexes and medially rotates the hip.

Soleus

Muscle that plantar flexes the foot.

Sartorius

Muscle that flexes and medially rotates the knee and flexes and laterally rotates the hip.

Gastrocnemius

Muscle that plantar flexes the foot and flexes the knee.

Enzymes (Digestive)

Proteins produced by glands in the mouth, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine to break down food.

Bile

Fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, entering the small intestine to aid in digestion.

Oral Cavity

The mouth, the initial entry point of the digestive system.

Stomach Regions

The cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.

Small Intestine Segments

The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Large Intestine Components

The cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid), and the rectum.

Ileocecal Junction Sphincter (Valve)

The connection between the small and large intestine.

Sphincter of Oddi

Regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum.

Pyloric Sphincter

Controls the release of partially digested food (chyme) from the stomach into the duodenum.

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)

Prevents stomach acid and food from flowing back into the esophagus, preventing acid reflux.

Common Hepatic Duct

Formed by the merging of the left and right hepatic ducts; merges with the cystic duct.

Cystic Duct

Duct from the gallbladder that merges with the common hepatic duct.

Common Bile Duct

Formed by the merging of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct; empties into the duodenum at the sphincter of Oddi.

Superior/Inferior Vena Cava

Veins that bring deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

Right Atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

Tricuspid Valve

Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle.

Right Ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Pulmonary Arteries

Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Pulmonary Veins

Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Left Atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Mitral Valve (Bicuspid)

Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Left Ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

Aortic Valve

Valve between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Aorta/Aortic Arch

The largest artery, carrying oxygenated blood to the body.

Pericardium

Double-layered closed sac that surrounds the heart and anchors it in place.

Papillary Muscles

Cone-shaped muscular pillars in ventricles that prevent valves from going back into the atria.

Chordae Tendineae (Heart Strings)

Strong connective tissue strings between valves and papillary muscles.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back toward the heart.

Capillaries

Blood vessels responsible for the exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and tissues.

Carotid Artery

Artery located in the neck, used to take a pulse.

Brachial Artery

Artery located in the elbow, used to take a pulse.

Radial Artery

Artery located in the wrist, used to take a pulse.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells; most abundant cells in our blood.

Leukocytes

White blood cells; part of the immune system.

Thrombocytes

Platelets; clotting factors that are carried in the plasma.

Antigen

Proteins that exist on the surface of the RBCs; determine the blood type.

Antibody

Proteins in the plasma that is triggered to attack foreign antigens.

Systole

Contraction of the heart.

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart, blood filling.

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

The pacemaker of the heart; initiates contraction of atria.

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

Sends a signal down through the interventricular septum for ventricles to contract.

Bradycardia

Heart rate below 60 beats/min.

Tachycardia

Heart rate in excess of 100 beats/min.

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

Graph of electrical impulses occurring in the heart.