Exam 2

Categorical statement

is a statement that relates two classes or categories.

Example of a categorical statement

1. All trees are plants.

2. No plants are animals.

3. Some animals are dogs.

4. Some dogs are collies

Standard form of categorical statements

A, E, I, and O

A:

Form: All S are P

Quantity: Universal

Quality: affirmative

E:

Form: No S are P

Quantity: universal

Quality: negative

I:

form: Some S are P

Quantity: particular

Quality: affirmative

O:

Form: Some S are not P

quantity: particular

quality: negative

Affirmative statement

says that some or all of the members of the class denoted by the subject term are also members of the class denoted by the predicate term

Negative statement

denies that some or all of the members of the class denoted by the subject term are also members of the class denoted by the predicate term

Universal statement

makes a claim about everything in the class denoted by its subject term

Particular statement

only makes a claim about something in the class denoted by its subject term

Contraries

if two statements cannot both be true but can both be false

Stylistic Variant

A statement is a different way of saying the same thing

necessary truth

if it cannot be false under any possible circumstances

Subcontraries

if they cannot both be false but they can be true

necessary falsehood

if it cannot be true in any possible circumstances

Subalternation

is the logical relationship between a universal statement and its corresponding particular statement.

Superaltern

The universal statement is

Subaltern

the particular statement is

major term

___ of a categorical syllogism is the predicate term of the conclusion

Minor term

___ of a categorical syllogism is the subject term of the conclusion

Middle term

___ of a categorical syllogism is the term that occurs once in each premise

Major premise

the premise containing the major term

minor premise

is the premise containing the minor term

mood

Figuring out if the statement is a A,E,I, O and what order they are in. Like AEA

Traditional Opposition

Traditional square Opposition A ← → E

Contraries

Traditional square opposition A← → O

Contradictories

Traditional square opposition A ← → I

Subalternation

Traditional square opposition E ← → O

Subalternation

Traditional square opposition E ← → I

Contradictories

Traditional square opposition O ← → I

Subcontraries