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"cult of domesticity"
social customs that restricted women to caring for the house: the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband
chartists
Reformers who wanted changes like universal male suffrage; the secret ballot; and payment for members of Parliament, so that even workingmen could afford to enter politics. This group supported a document called the People's Charter.
Concert of Europe
an agreement by various Great Powers (Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia) to put down any future revolutions through military force (to preserve the balance of power)
corn laws
These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially
corporate banks
banks of continental europe; with limited liability where one would lose only what he invested; supported industrialization by being able to take risks, allowed continent to catch up to great britain
decembrist revolt
abortive attempt by army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825
demographic transition
The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
Edmund Burke
human society needed the structure of a strong, responsible government or else people would become selfish and violent, and lead to civil strife
gothic literature
a literary genre popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th; this genre usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque, and other "dark" subjects
Ivanhoe
a novel written in 1819 by Sir Walter Scott set in the Middle ages during the time of the Crusades
Johann Goethe
one of the greatest figures of Western literature, wrote "The Sorrows of the Young Werther" , focused on the heroic genius that succeeds in spite of society, wrote "Faust" which was the first work to portray the Devil as the gentleman Mephistopheles
Louis XVIII
French monarch who was restored to the throne by the allies after Napoleon was defeated.
luddites
a group of handcraft workers that attacked whole factories in Northern England by smashing machines, which they believed were putting them out of work
Peterloo Massacre
1819, cavalry attacked a crowd of protesters (working-class men protesting about the rising prices of bread) at St. Peter's Fields in Manchester. This led Parliament to become more repressive and begin to restrict such meetings.
Prince Klemens von Metternich
Austrian statesman and diplomat; was the Austrian representative at the congress of Vienna; wanted to restore the balance of power, make Europe peaceful, restore the old monarchs, and compensate the allies for their lost
proletariat
the industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgoisie
Quadruple Alliance
Alliance between Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Great Britain. Pledged to act together to maintain balance of power and suppress revolutionary uprisings following the French Revolution.
reform bill of 1832
act of Parliament that transferred voting priviledges from small rotten boroughs controlled by nobility and gentry to large industrial towns controlled by middle class
socialism
taught that society could work better if organized by the government to help the poor
the Communist Manifesto
the book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that outlined how every society in the world would eventually reach communism
The Sorrows of the Young Werther
novel by Goethe about a sensitive young man whose hopeless love for a virtuous married woman drives him to suicide; showed them of individualism and developed the idea of a romantic hero, who defies the world and sacrifices himself for some great cause
Thomas Malthus
claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that, eventually, population growth would outpace food production
trans-siberian railroad
Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.
ultraroyalists
in nineteenth-century France, a group of aristocrats who sought to return to a monarchical system dominated by a landed aristocracy and the Catholic Church.
zollverein
a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories
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