Bio260 Unit 3 Resource 1. Intro to Salt & Water Physiology in Plants

- ask abt slides 4, 5, 16, 83

Why is constant ionic composition is important?

• _____ of ______ and other proteins

• __

• ______ gradient

• ______ conc./water _____/_____ vol

• shape, enzyme

• pH

• electrical

• osmotic, balance/plasma

important properties of water

• ____ specific heat

• ___ conductor

• ____ wave length, ______ to lw

• 4% of ___

• ____ density

• ___ surface tension

• ____ dissociated

• bipolar (_______)

• ____ bp

• high

• poor

• low, opaque

• air

• high

• high

• slightly

• easily bound to surfaces

• high

why is dipole moment and ability important for water

• elevated ___ & ___

• has implications for _________

• capacity to ____

  • allows it to act as ____ or ____

  • greater _______

  • serve as _____ _____

  • ____ surface tension

• MP, BP

• thermoregulations

• ionize

  • acid, base

  • conductivity

  • universal solvent

  • good

What is water potential?

• way of measuring ____ _____ (G) of water

  • water flow from ___ to ___ potential/concentration

  • ______ since pure water potential is 0

• ψ (_____ potential) = P (______ potential) + ψs (_____ potential) + ψg (______ potential)

• free energy

  • high, low

  • negative

• water, pressure, solute, gravitational

What are the four factors that allow water to move

• ______ (chemical potential)

• ______

  • high to low

• ______ potential

• ______ potential

  • uncharged

• concentration

• pressure

• gravitational

• electrical

What is the maximum value of water potential?

0

Osmotic/solute potential/osmotic pressure

• effects of dissolved ______ on water potential

• pure water will flow from ____ to ____ concentration (dilute → concentrated)

• ψπ = − C R T (_____ potential)

  • C - concentration of _____

  • R - gas constant (8.3145 J K -1 mol -1)

  • T - abs ___ (K)

  • ψπ = 0

• solutes

• high, low

• osmotic

  • solutes

  • (nothing)

  • temp

Solute potential

• ______ w/ _____ solute concentration

• ______ in ψs causes a _____ in total water potential

• ψ = -i CRT (_____ potential)

  • ______ as long as solutes are present

  • i = # of ____ the solute _____ into

  • c = ____ concentration

  • r = gas constant of 8.32 J mol-1 K-1

  • T = ____ in Kelvin

• decreasing, increasing

• decrease, decrease

• solute

  • negative

  • ions, dissociates

  • molar

  • temp

How is osmotic pressure a measure of tendency of water to move?

pure water has low osmotic pressure and solns have higher osmotic pressure

how do animal cells regulate the movement of water?

• controlling the ______ of _____ b/w 2 sides of the cell membrane

• ____ potential = _____ potential

• mvmt, ions

• water, osmotic

How will water move across a selectively permeable membrane?

What is gravity potential?

• causes water to move _____ unless opposed by ____ and _____ force

• based on ____, _____, and gravity due to ______ of water

• discounted because of ____ effect

• ψ_g = p_wgh

• downward, equal, opposite

• height, density, accel

• small

How does blood move with gravity and cardiovascular postural changes?

• blood moves from _____ to ____ pressure

• pressure imposed by gravity in ____ _____ at bottom of the body

  • seem to move ____ to ____

• high, low

• larger arteries

  • low, high

What is pressure potential?

• represents effect of _____ pressure on free energy of water

• _____ from atmospheric pressure

• ____ pressure _____ water potential, ____ _____ water potential

  • positive hydrostatic pressure is also called ____ ____

  • negative hydrostatic pressure is called _____

• hydrostatic

• deviation

• positive, raises, negative lowers

  • turgor pressure

  • tension

What is matrix potential?

• important in movement of water from ____ → ____

• results from interactive ____ and _____ forces

• forces water to ____ in soil and ____ its potential energy

• soil, root

• capillary, absorptive

• bind, lower

What is osmolarity

• the _____ concentration of a solution, determines water mvmt across ____ ______ membrane

  • ____-osmonic = _____ water mvmt

  • ____-osmotic (_____ solute concentration) → ____-osmotic (_____ solute concentration) = _____ water mvmt

• solute, selectively permeable

  • iso, equal

  • hypo, lower, hyper, higher, unequal

What is osmoregulation?

• balances _____ and _____ of water/solutes

• based _____ on controlled mvmt of ____ b/w ____ fluids → _____ environment

• uptake, loss

• largely, solutes, internal, external

How do plants and animals differ fundamentally in chemiosmotic regulatory systems?

Chemiosmotic reg system in animal cells

• rely on ___ chemi circuit which has ____/____ ____ pumps to drive ____ of 3N+ and _____ of 2K+ coupled to ATP hydrolysis

• active Na+ extrusion → makes electrochem ____ gradient across plasma mem to drive secondary _____ and ______ carriers that reg nutrient and pH

• use H+ ATPase pumps in limited capacity

  • in ____, ____, and _________

• Na+, Na+/K+ ATPase, efflux, influx

• Na+, symport, antiport

  • stomach, kidney, neurotransmitters

Chemiosmotic reg system in plant cells

• rely on ___ chemi circuit which has (?) to drive ___ of H+ couples to ATP hydrolysis

• active H+ extrusion → makes elec.chem. ___ gradient across plasma mem to drive secondary ______ and _____ carriers that reg nutrient uptake and pH

• H+, efflux

• H+, symport, antiport

How does water move w/i plant cell?

• water enters thru _____

• moves from ___ to _____ water potential

• as water enters cell, _____ _____ potential

• leaves

• higher, lower

• increases pressure

3 types of cells when placed in concentration

What is plasmolysis and how do plants combat it?

• plasmolysis: when plant cells ____ water after being placed in _____ solution

• plants combat it by

  • closing ____

  • _____ stems

  • ____ upper ______

• lose, hypertonic

  • stomata

  • coating

  • waxing, epidermis

water in plant cell movnt

• isotonic - soln leaving = to water entering cell

• hypotonic - soln in and water out

• hypertonic - soln has higher conc of solute than cell

Aquaporins

• ____ mvmt of _____ across plasma mem of plants

  • _____ mem proteins that form channels across a membrane

• facilitate, water

  • integral

difference btwn plant and animal aquaporins

animals

• more restricted list of no charge solutes

• less diverse

  • only 13 types

plant

• can transport broad variety of solutes including nonmetal/metals

• more diverse

  • # varies

What are 3 types of regulation of the composition of the PLANT BODY FLUIDS?

• osmotic

• ionic

• volume

what is osmoregulation?

active regulation of osmotic potential

Osmotic regulation in plants

• use ____ on the _____ side of leaves to regulate water ____

• _____ is maintained in ______ of cell to balance osmotic _____ and make the cell ____

• __ _____ osmoregulatory organs

• stomata, lower, loss

• sugar, vacuole, pressure, swell

• no specific

Why is abscisic acid important for plant?

• helps _____ water by _____ stomata so more water can be _____

• conserve, closing, absorbed

What is ionic regulation

• maintenance of relatively constant [______ _____] in body fluid

• plants adjust to drying soil by ________ solutes

• inorganic ion

• accumulating

osmotic adjustment

• ability of cells to get _____ and _____ water potential during period of _____ stress

• plant use ___ + ____ in conjunction with ___ export at plasma membrane

• solutes, lower, osmotic

• Na, Cl, Na+

What regulates solute concentration in plants?

central vacuole

What do plants use H+ ATPase for?

• _____ extrusion of proton to generate ___ elec.chem. gradients → drive secondary ___ and _____ _____ process via H+ _____/_____ systems

• H+ ATPase pumps also ____ both intra & extracell. __

• primary, H+, ion, nutrient transport, antiport/symport

• modulate, pH

How do plants move H+ ions?

• _____ membrane h+ATPase pump to move H+ into _____

• ______ ______ h+ATPase pump to move H+ into vacuole

• plasma, apoplast

• vacuole tonoplast, vacuole

what effects does water have on an animals body?

• _____ osmotic pressure of blood plasma

• ___ ions in blood plasma

• _____ vol of blood plasma

• lower

• dilute

• increase

what 3 groups are plants divided into

• hydrophyte

• mesophyte

• xerophytes (marine/terrestrial)

What are characteristics of hydrophyte?

• live in ____/_____ in soil

• _____ ____ much o2 from air

• absorb nutrients via ____/____

• ___ root hair/cap

• water/rooted

• don’t require

• leave/stem

• lacks

What are some freshwater adaptations?

• have ____ surface area

• transpiration takes place _____

• have a _____ # of stomata on _____ surface

• large

• excessively

• large, upper

What are characteristics of mesophyte?

• live in _____ environment

• stomata are active in managing _____ supply

• root ____ and root ____ are well developed

• _____ ____ leaves/_______ stomata

• moderate

• water

• hair, cap

• large, broad, numerous

Alternate mechanisms of Carbon Fixation in mesophytes

• _____ is a problem for plants → sometimes req trade-offs w/ other _____ processes

• ____ days: plants _____ stomata to save water → ____ photosyn. & causes O2 _____

• favors ___________

• dehydration, metabolic

• hot, close, limits, buildup

• photorespiration

What are characteristics of xerophytes?

• living in severely ___ terrestrial environment

• adapted to ____ rate of transpiration

• root system _____ developed and branched

• _____ thick cuticle

• _____ stomata/water impervious walls

• dry

• reduce

• highly

• reduced

• fewer

what are c4 plants?

• water ____ plants

• found in ______/______ regions

• req lots of _____ and ___ temp

• fixes ___ into __ compound into a _ molecule

• conservation

• tropical/subtropical

• sunlight, high

• CO2, 3c, 4c

what are cam plants?

• plants that _____ their _____ only at ____

• during day ____ is released and used in _____ cycle

• open, stomata, night

• CO2, calvin