Biology

Abiogenesis

Non-living beginning

Aristotle

Active principle

Van Helmont

Creator of the Recipe for life

Recipe for life

Sweaty shirt plus rice/wheat equals mice

Biogenesis

Living beginning

Francesco Reddi

Disprover of abiogenesis on a multicellular level

Reddi’s experiment

Three vials full of broth, one was controlled and open, one was sealed, and one was covered with a cheescloth

Sealed vial criticism

No air could get in, so how could life form

Louis Pasteur

Disproved abiogenesis on a unicellular level

Pateur’s experiment

Swan neck vial. germs got caught in the bend. He proved that by tipping the vial, and the broth got infected

Five signs of life

Reproduction, growth, produces waste, Response to stimuli/movement, uses materials to produce energy

Asexual reproduction

Vegetative propagation, budding, Binary fisson, sporulation, regeneration

Vegetative Propagation

Plant cuttings

Budding

Mini grows off the side (Hydra)

Binary Fisson

Cells split into two (Yeast)

Sporulation

Spores come out and make new (mold)

Regeneration

Regrows when cut (Flat worms/starfish)

Mitosis

The process of cell division which creates clones

Order of Mitosis

IPMATC

Interphase

Cells grow, DNA replicates, longest stage

Prophase

Chromosomes appear, centrioles appear, nuclear membrane disappears

Metaphase

Chromosomes are attatched to spinle fibres and line up in the middle

Anaphase

Chromatids are pulled to the opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

Nuclear membranes form around the two sets of chromosomes

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm divides, two identical cells

Memory cues

M for middle, A for away, T for two

Zygote

Fertilized egg

Gametes

Haploid cells donated by parents, one from each (sperm and ova)

Gonads

Reproductive organs made up of germinal cells, produce gametes

Meiosis

A reduction division that produces haploid gamete cells for sexual reproduction

Chromosomes

Coiled up DNA

What is the direct result when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell

A zygote

Why do gametes have half the number of chromosomes needed for an organism to develop?

Because two gametes come together to form a new organism and with the gametes at half the normal amount the new organism will have the normal amount of chromosomes

Organisms that reproduce by asexual reproduction

mold, hydra, planarian, starfish, sunflower, yeast

Organisms that reproduce by sexual reproduction

Humans, dogs, cats, horses, cows, dolphins, whales, kangaroos

If a dominant and recessive gene are present in a genotype, which characteristic trait will be the phenotype

Dominant

Meiosis starts with one cell and ends with how many?

4 cells

Gender that determines the sex of a baby

Male

Gene pairing for a girl

(X,X)

Gene pairing for a boy

(X,Y)

How does the baby get oxygen and nutrients while in the womb?

Placenta

What prevents the baby’s and mother’s blood from mixing?

The blood barrier

Stages of labour, and cervix dilatation

Early labour: 0-3 cm. Active labour: 3-7 cm, Transitional labour: 7-10 cm, Delivery: 10 cm

What are the differences of fraternal and identical twins

-Identical have 1 ova and 1 sperm whereas Fraternal have 2 sperm and 2 ova
-Identical will always be same sex, but fraternal can be same or different sex
-Identical twins look identical, but fraternal twins just look like siblings
-In identical twins if the zygote splits at day 2 they will have separate placenta and amniotic sac, if the zygote splits at day 6 identical twins will share. but fraternal twins never share

Path of the sperm

Start in the testicle, goes to the epididymis to mature for up to six weeks, goes through the Vas deferens to the urethra, along the way it goes through the seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and cowper’s gland which all add liquid to allow the sperm to nourish and swim easier. Sperm goes through the urethra into the vagina

Path of the ova

Starts in the ovaries, goes into the Fallopian tube (this is where it can be fertilized) if travels through the Fallopian tubes, carried along by cilia hairs, into the uterus. If the egg is fertilized it will implant itself into the endometrium (uterine lining) If it is not fertilized the endometrium sheds and goes out through the cervix and vagina.

How does an ultrasound work?

Sound waves bounce off solid objects in the baby

Why would someone have an ultrasound

-To detect birth defects
-Placenta Previa (placenta grows over the cervix)
-Breech Birth
-Multiple births

Chorion

Protective layer of cells around the embryo

Amnion (amniotic sac)

Protects the baby

Hormones involved in the menstrual cycle

-FSH (Follicle stimulating hormones)
-LH (Luteinizing hormones)
-Progesterone
-Estrogen

Ovulation

The ovary bursts open, the egg gets swept up by Fallopian tubes

Topic that gives evidence of God as the creator

Pregnancy, DNA.

Verses to support God as the creator