A&P Chapter 1

Anatomy

Study of the structure of body parts`

Physiology

Study of the function of body parts

Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function

Function is dependent on structure, and the form of a structure relates to its function

Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Chemical (atoms to molecules) Cellular (molecules to cells), Tissue (cells to tissues), Organ (tissue to organ) Organ Systems (organ to organ system) and Body

Covers & protects external body

integumentary system

Protects and supports body organs; movement

skeletal system

Body movement; produces heat

muscular system

Control system of body; maintains homeostasis

nervous system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate body cell functions

Endocrine system

Pumps and transports blood

cardiovascular system

Returns fluid that has leaked form blood vessels; immunity

lymphatic system

Keeps blood supplied with O2 and removes CO2

respiratory system

Breaks down and absorbs food and water; eliminates indiestible substances

digestive system

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes; regulates water balance

urinary system

Production of offspring

reproductive system

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to ___ relatively ___ internal conditions, despite continuous changes in enviroment

maintain; stable

Three Components of a control mechanism… stimulus) → ___ input → ___ output) → ___

receptor; control center; effector

A feedback mechanism that is most common in the body; opposes (reduces) stimulus and returns body to original state

Negative

Body temp, blood pressure, blood sugar, blood calcium, ect.

A feedback mechanism that enhances original stimulus and brings body further away from the original state

Positive

baby delivery, cut yourself, blood clotting

Any disturbance of homeostasis … often results in ___

Homeostatic Imbalance

Disease

Toward the head end or upper part of the body structure

Superior (cranial)

Away from head end or towards the lower part of the body structure

inferior (ventral)

Towards or at the front of the body

anterior/ventral

Towards or at the back of the body

posterior/dorsal

toward or at the midline of the body on the inner side

medial

Away from the midline of the body on the outer side

lateral

Between a more medial and more lateral structure

intermediate

Closer to the origin or point of attachment of a body part

proximal

Farther from the origin or point of attachment of a body part

distal

Toward or at the body surface

superficial

Awa from the body surface; more internal

deep

Region of the head, neck, and trunk

axial

Region of the limbs(appendages)

appendicular

Divides body vertically into right and left parts (two extra terms with it)

sagittal

midsagittal and parasagittal

Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts

frontal (coronal)

Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts

transverse (axial)

Cuts made at an angle between horizontal and vertical planes

oblique

Cavity containing the brain and spinal cord

Dorsal

Cavity, within skull and contains brain

Cranial

Cavity, within vertebral column, contains spinal cord

Vertebral

Cavity containing the chest, abdomen, and pelvic regions

Ventral

Cavity containing the area above the diaphragm, heart, lungs, and space above heart

Thoratic

Middle portion of chest cavity containing the heart and space above the heart

mediastinum

Cavity containing the stomach, reproductive organs, and other internal organs

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Cavity containing the stomach, liver, intestines, and spleen

abdominal cavity

Cavity containing the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

pelvic cavity

A thin, double-layer serous membrane that produces serous fluid

serosa (reduces friction)

Lines the wall of a body cavity

Parietal

Covers the internal organs

Visceral

A slit-like cavity between parietal and visceral layers, filled with serous fluid

Serous Cavity

Serous membrane of the lungs ___ (with ___ cavity between layers)

pleura; pleural

What lines the inner ribcage?

parietal pleura

What covers the lungs

Visceral pleura

Serous membrane of the heart ___ (with ___ pericardial cavity between layers)

pericardium; pericardial

What lines the inner abdominal wall?

parietal peritoneum

What lines the abdominal organs?

visceral peritoneum

Serous membrane of abdominal cavity ___ (with ___ cavity between layers)

peritoneum; peritoneal

What lines the diaphragm and great vessels?

parietal pericardium

What coves the heart?

visceral pericardium

Two structures from the upper right quadrant

Liver, duodenum, and gallbladder (transverse colon)

Two structures from the lower right quadrant

Ascending colon, small intestine, cecum, appendix, bladder

Two structures from the upper left quadrant

Stomach and spleen (transverse colon)

Two structures from the lower left quadrant

Descending colon, sigmoid colon, small intestine, bladder