Blood – Marieb Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 17 Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards covering key blood concepts from the notes.

Osmotic diuresis

In diabetes mellitus, high glucose in filtrate exceeds renal reabsorption capacity, causing increased urine output.

Glucosuria

Glucose in the urine resulting when the filtered load of glucose exceeds renal reabsorption capacity.

Polyuria

Excessive urination, often due to osmotic diuresis from high glucose.

Normoglycemia

Normal blood glucose levels; renal reabsorption of glucose is complete.

Hyperglycemia

Elevated blood glucose that can lead to glucose appearing in urine when threshold is exceeded.

Filtration

First step of urine formation: plasma is filtered through the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule.

Reabsorption

Process by which substances are returned from the filtrate to the blood.

Osmolarity

Total molar concentration of dissolved particles in a solution; affects fluid movement and blood pressure.

Oncotic pressure

Osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins that tends to pull water into the circulatory system.

Kwashiorkor

Protein-energy malnutrition leading to low plasma oncotic pressure and edema.

Hematopoiesis

Blood cell formation and development.

Yolk sac

Embryonic site of initial hematopoiesis in the developing embryo.

Liver

Organ that supports hematopoiesis during fetal development before bone marrow takes over.

Bone marrow

Primary hematopoietic organ in adults; site of formation of blood cells.

Spleen

Lymphoid organ involved in blood cell development and immune responses; participates in hematopoiesis during development.

Thymus

Lymphoid organ where T lymphocytes mature.

Red bone marrow

Adult site of hematopoiesis producing RBCs and various immune cells.

Erythrocyte

Red blood cell; biconcave, anucleate in maturity; carries oxygen.

Leukocyte

White blood cell; key players in immune defense.

Platelet

Thrombocyte; cell fragment essential for blood clotting.

Neutrophil

Most abundant white blood cell; first responder; phagocytoses bacteria.

Eosinophil

White blood cell involved in defense against parasites and in allergic responses.

Basophil

White blood cell that releases histamine during inflammatory and allergic reactions.

Lymphocyte

White blood cell family including B cells, T cells, and NK cells; central to adaptive immunity.

Monocyte

Large phagocytic white blood cell that differentiates into macrophages.

Megakaryocyte

Large bone marrow cell that gives rise to platelets.

Common myeloid progenitor

Multipotent stem cell that differentiates into myeloid lineage cells.

Multipotent hematopoietic stem cell

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) capable of giving rise to all blood cell lineages.

Myeloid lineage

Blood cell line that gives rise to RBCs, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

Lymphoid lineage

Blood cell line that gives rise to lymphocytes (B, T, and NK cells).

AML

Acute myeloid leukemia; rapid proliferation of myeloid cells.

ALL

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia; rapid proliferation of lymphoid cells.

CML

Chronic myeloid leukemia; slower progression involving myeloid cells.

CLL

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia; slow-growing lymphoid malignancy.

Hematocrit

Percentage of blood volume occupied by formed elements (primarily RBCs).

Plasma

Liquid portion of blood; contains water, electrolytes, proteins, nutrients, wastes; 55% of blood volume.

Albumin

Most abundant plasma protein; helps maintain blood osmolarity and fluid balance.

Globulin

Plasma proteins including antibodies; part of the immune system.

Fibrinogen

Plasma protein essential for blood clot formation; converted to fibrin.

Hemoglobin

Oxygen-carrying protein in RBCs composed of four globin chains and four heme groups; binds O2 and some CO2.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone produced mainly by kidneys that stimulates erythropoiesis (RBC production) in bone marrow.

Erythropoiesis

Production and development of red blood cells in bone marrow.

Reticulocyte

Immature RBC released from bone marrow before maturation.

Iron

Mineral essential for hemoglobin synthesis; absorbed as Fe2+ after stomach acid–mediated reduction.

Vitamin B12

Cobalamin; required for RBC production; absorbed with intrinsic factor.

Folate (folic acid)

Vitamin essential for DNA synthesis during RBC formation; abundant in leafy greens.

Intrinsic factor

Stomach-produced glycoprotein necessary for B12 absorption in the small intestine.

Anemia

Condition of deficient RBCs or hemoglobin leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.

Polycythemia

Excess RBCs increasing blood viscosity and risk of vascular complications.

Sickle-cell disease

Hereditary Hb defect (HbS) causing RBCs to sickle under low oxygen, leading to crises and organ damage.

Sickle-cell trait

Heterozygous HbS; provides malaria resistance but can influence RBC behavior under stress.