unit 1 anatomy & physiology

anatomy

the structure of body parts

physiology

the function of body parts, what they do and how they do it

coronal plane

vertical plane that separates the anterior (front) from the posterior (back) of the body.

sagittal plane

vertical plane that separates the left from right sides of the body (parts don’t need to be =)

axil/transverse plane

horizontal plane that separates the superior (top) & inferior (bottom) parts of the body

what does the cranial cavity contain?

brain

what does the vertebral cavity contain?

spinal chord

what does the thoracic cavity contain?

pericardial (heart), pleural (lungs), mediastinum (trachea)

what does the abdominal cavity contain?

stomach, intestines

what does the pelvic cavity contain?

bladder, reproductive organs

what does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?

abdominal (stomach, intestines), pelvic (bladder, reproductive organs)

what does the dorsal cavity contain?

cranial (brain), vertebral (spinal chord)

what does the ventral cavity contain?

thoracic, abdominal, pelvic (whole torso including diaphragm)

what does the pleural cavity contain?

lungs

what does the mediastinum cavity contain?

trachea

what does the pericardial cavity contain?

heart

anatomical position

standing erect, face forward, arms at side, palms facing forward

superior/inferior

superior: above/towards the head

inferior: below/towards the feet

anterior/posterior

anterior: towards the front (chest/stomach)

posterior: towards the back of the body

medial/lateral

medial: towards the midline

lateral: away from the midline

proximal/distal

proximal: closer to the point of attachment

distal: farther from the point of attachment

superficial/deep

superficial: towards body surface

deep: away from body surface

what is a similar term to anterior/posterior?

anterior: ventral

posterior: dorsal

what is homeostasis?

tendency of the body to maintain a stable, balanced internal environment

what are positive feedback loops?

amplify change, ex: inc. in oxytocin in mother until baby is born during childbirth

what are negative feedback loops?

reverse change, ex: body temp inc, so, blood vessels dilate and sweat glands activate

what is a stressor?

anything that throws the body out of homeostatic level (too hot, low blood sugar)

levels of organization

cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

homeostasis is largely controlled by what two systems?

nervous & endocrine

integumentary

protects body (hair, skin, nails)

skeletal

provides support, protection, & movement

muscular

enables movement & posture

nervous

sending & receiving signals (brain, spinal cord, nerves)

endocrine

send/receive info (produces hormones to regulate growth, bodily funcs, metabolism)

cardiovascular

transports O2, CO2, nutrients & waste through the body (heart, blood, blood vessels)

lymphatic/immune

defend against disease, filters harmful substances (white blood cells & lymph nodes)

respiratory

gas exchange (CO2 -> O2) with body & environment (lungs)

digestive

breaks down food, absorbs nutrients & eliminates waste

urinary

removes waste & helps balance water/salts (kidney, bladder, urethra)

reproductive

produces gametes (sperm/egg cells) supports fertilization & development (testes/ovaries)

general organization of the body: axial portion

head, neck, trunk (ribs & vertebrae)

general organization of the body: appendicular portion

arms & legs (hips)