DOST SEI/JLSS Edition 1 Free Logic and Analogy Flashcards

Deductive Reasoning

Conclusion follows necessarily from premises. If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.

Inductive Reasoning

Conclusion is likely based on premises. It involves generalizing from specific instances.

Abductive Reasoning

Inference to the best explanation. Starting with an observation and seeking the simplest and most likely explanation.

Syllogism

A form of deductive reasoning with a major premise, minor premise, and conclusion.

Modus Ponens

If P then Q; P is true, therefore Q is true.

Modus Tollens

If P then Q; Q is false, therefore P is false.

Conditional Statements

If-then statements. Understanding implications and hypothesis testing.

Contrapositive

The contrapositive of 'If P then Q' is 'If not Q then not P'.

Logical Equivalence

Statements that are true in the same conditions. E.g., 'P if and only if Q'.

Negation

The opposite of a statement. If a statement is true, its negation is false, and vice versa.

Conjunction

A compound statement with 'and'. Both parts must be true for the whole statement to be true.

Disjunction

A compound statement with 'or'. At least one part must be true for the whole statement to be true.

Biconditional

'If and only if' statement. Both sides must have the same truth value.

Quantifiers

Universal (∀) and Existential (∃). Understanding their use in logical statements.

Truth Tables

A tool for analyzing the truth values of logical expressions.

Fallacies

Errors in reasoning that invalidate arguments. Examples include ad hominem, straw man, slippery slope.

Venn Diagrams

Diagrams that show all possible logical relations between a finite collection of sets.

Contradiction

A statement that is always false. Used in proof by contradiction.

Consistency

A set of statements is consistent if they can all be true simultaneously.

Inference

The process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true.

Propositional Logic

Logic dealing with propositions and their relationships.

Predicate Logic

Extends propositional logic with quantifiers and predicates to express more complex statements.

Argument Structure

The framework of premises leading to a conclusion.

Validity

An argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises.

Soundness

An argument is sound if it is valid and its premises are true.

Causality

The relationship between cause and effect.

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions

Necessary: Must be true for the statement to be true. Sufficient: Guarantees the statement is true.

Analogical Reasoning

Drawing a comparison between two similar cases to infer a conclusion about one based on the other.

Probability

Measuring the likelihood of an event occurring.

Set Theory

The study of sets, collections of objects.

Boolean Algebra

A branch of algebra involving variables with two possible values (true and false).

Matrix Logic

Using matrices to represent and analyze logical statements.

Graph Theory

The study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations.

Conditional Probability

The probability of an event given that another event has occurred.

Bayesian Reasoning

A method of probability inference based on Bayes' theorem.

Fuzzy Logic

Logic in which truth values are not limited to just true and false.

Heuristics

Simple, efficient rules or mental shortcuts used to make decisions.

Game Theory

The study of mathematical models of strategic interaction among rational decision-makers.

Combinatorics

The study of counting, arrangement, and combination.

Optimization

Finding the best solution from all feasible solutions.

Algebraic Logic

Combining algebraic techniques with logical reasoning.

Model Theory

The study of the relationship between formal languages and their interpretations or models.

Proof Theory

The study of the structure of proofs.

Descriptive vs. Normative Reasoning

Descriptive: Describes how things are. Normative: Prescribes how things should be.

Epistemic Logic

Logic concerning knowledge and belief.

Deontic Logic

Logic related to duty, obligation, and permission.

Temporal Logic

Logic that deals with the concepts of time.

Paraconsistent Logic

Logic designed to handle contradictions.

Non-Monotonic Logic

Logic where adding new premises can invalidate conclusions.

Defeasible Reasoning

Reasoning that is rationally compelling but not deductively valid.

Synonyms

Words with similar meanings. E.g., happy : joyful.

Antonyms

Words with opposite meanings. E.g., hot : cold.

Part to Whole

A component and the larger structure it belongs to. E.g., wheel : car.

Cause and Effect

One event leads to another. E.g., fire : smoke.

Function

The purpose of an object. E.g., knife : cut.

Degree

Levels of intensity. E.g., warm : hot.

Characteristic

A feature of something. E.g., honey : sweet.

Type

A specific kind within a general category. E.g., salmon : fish.

Tool and Its User

An instrument and the person who uses it. E.g., pen : writer.

Action and Object

The action and the object it affects. E.g., teach : student.

Sequence

Order of events. E.g., dawn : day.

Item to Category

A specific item to its general category. E.g., rose : flower.

Place

A location and what is found there. E.g., desert : cactus.

Symbol

An object that represents something else. E.g., dove : peace.

Creator and Creation

A person and what they create. E.g., author : book.

User and Tool

A person and the tool they use. E.g., artist : brush.

Animal and Habitat

An animal and its living environment. E.g., fish : water.

Material and Product

The raw material and what is made from it. E.g., cotton : cloth.

Work and Result

Effort and the outcome. E.g., study : knowledge.

Problem and Solution

A difficulty and its resolution. E.g., hunger : food.

Instrument and Measurement

A tool and what it measures. E.g., thermometer : temperature.

Genre

A category of artistic composition. E.g., jazz : music.

Agent and Action

The doer and what is done. E.g., doctor : heal.

Product and Source

An item and where it originates. E.g., milk : cow.

Artifact and Purpose

A man-made object and its intended use. E.g., clock : time.

Measurement

Units of measurement. E.g., inch : length.

Tool and Function

A tool and what it does. E.g., scissors : cut.

Action and Significance

An action and its importance. E.g., salute : respect.

Means and End

The method and the goal. E.g., exercise : fitness.

Language and Usage

A language and how it's used. E.g., English : communicate.

Order and Disorder

States of organization. E.g., clean : dirty.

Science and Object of Study

A field of science and what it studies. E.g., biology : life.

Emotion and Expression

A feeling and its outward display. E.g., joy : smile.

Art and Medium

A form of art and its medium. E.g., painting : canvas.

Profession and Activity

A job and its primary activity. E.g., chef : cook.

Event and Consequence

An event and its outcome. E.g., storm : flood.

Person and Characteristic

A person and a defining trait. E.g., hero : bravery.

Vehicle and Mode of Transport

A vehicle and its way of moving. E.g., airplane : flight.

Plant and Growth Environment

A plant and where it grows. E.g., fern : forest.

Food and Origin

A type of food and where it comes from. E.g., bread : wheat.

Virtue and Vice

Positive and negative qualities. E.g., honesty : deceit.

Object and Property

An item and a defining property. E.g., diamond : hardness.

Body Part and Function

A part of the body and its function. E.g., heart : pump.

Object and Typical Location

An item and where it is typically found. E.g., book : library.

Historical Event and Outcome

A past event and its result. E.g., revolution : independence.

Object and Action

An object and what it typically does. E.g., ball : bounce.

Person and Action

A person and what they typically do. E.g., teacher : instruct.

Symbol and What It Represents

A symbol and its meaning. E.g., flag : nation.

Opposites

Concepts that are in direct contrast. E.g., victory : defeat.

Tool and Object

A tool and what it acts upon. E.g., hammer : nail.